THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
127 
behind, thus letting the former pieces 
project in front for the plate; as seen in 
the accompanying illustration (Fig. 2.) 
Placing a sheet of white paper on the 
table behind the frame, light will be re- 
flected against the under side of the plate, 
and every dot and line will be distinctly 
seen as made. 
line. Let the subject be a simple one to 
begin with. Then, with fine lines, put in 
the shading of the distance ; the middle 
distance, with the medium needle, may 
be a little bolder; while the foreground' 
lines make broad and coarse. The plate, 
held up to the window, will be a trans- 
parency of your picture with light and 
Another thing requisite is a good mag- 
nifying glass. I use two glasses arranged 
like a pair of spectacles, on a stand, and 
held by it in position over the plate. 
We now come to the needles to be used 
in drawing. Take three needles of dif- 
ferent sizes, fine, medium, and coarse, 
and tie them to pieces of wood like the 
handles of camel's hair brushes. Let the 
point of the needle project from the end 
of the stick only a quarter of an inch. 
This keeps the end firm. A darning 
needle being used for the largest size, you 
must file the point until it presents, under 
the magnifying glass, the long lozenge 
shape of a graver. 
And now, if you have studied the draw- 
ing lessons given in the second volume of 
the Young Scientist, or have some inde- 
pendent knowledge of art, you will be 
able to go to work on the picture. 
Put the plate on the frame. Take the 
^est needle and go over the entire out- 
shade reversed, and will show any de- 
fects. Other details I will have to leave 
for another paper. 
Ornamental Turning. 
{Continued from page no.) 
ONE thing we feel bound to advise, and 
that is, not to have a large case of 
tools, as made by some of the best makers, 
but a few well-assorted tools in long and 
short handles, according to their nature. 
This, of course, applies to hand-tools. 
Having practiced and made many things 
with such tools as are already possessed, 
it may be the desire to make an addition 
to the stock of apparatus. In this case an 
oval chuck will be the most useful, be- 
cause we have facilities for a deal of eccen- 
tric work with the cutter. The oval chuck 
is a beautiful tool to work; its action 
being obtained by two steel pallets work- 
ing round a ring— that is, fixed to the 
mandrel-head ; in order to obtain the di£- 
