922 
#407 (407a; b; 577). 2 Order or Subo. CARNIVORA'^^* Gray, 1827, Griffith's 
Cuv., Anim. Kingd., v. 5, 111, tpd. Canis; or Subo. CARNIVORA VERA°; 
or FISSIPEDIA — Carnivores; Raubthiere. Terrestrial (rarely aquatic 
or semi-aquatic), nonvolant, placental mammals with rather high develop- 
ment of brain, the cerebral hemispheres with distinct convolutions; feet 
unguiculate, never modified as fins or flippers; dentition of a modified 
tuberculo-sectorial type, the posterior upper premolar and anterior lower 
molar usually developed as special carnassial or flesh-cutting teeth. Con- 
tinents and larger islands of entire world, Australia, New Zealand, and 
Antarctic region excepted. See A also #408. 
2 407a (407; 6). Ord. or Subo. PINNIPEDIA lUiger, 1811, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 138, tpd. 
Phoca. — Pinnipeds, "Amphibious carnivora," seals, walruses, Flossenfiisser, Ruderfiisser. Body prone. 
Legs fin-like for swimming, enclosed to or beyond elbows in common integument. Feet rotated backward; 
fingers and toes webbed; fingers decrease in length and size from I to V; toes I and V longest and largest, 
II to IV shorter and subequal. Iliac portion of pelvis very short, anterior border much everted; ischia 
never ancylosed, never meeting, in 9 widely separated. Skull greatly compressed interorbitally; facial 
portion usually short and rather broad; brain case abruptly expanded. Lachrymal bone early united with 
maxniary, imperforate, entirely within orbit. Palatines not extending forwards laterally, extensive 
vacuities intervening between frontal and maxillary bones. Tympanic separated from exoccipitals by a 
vacuity as well as by the re-entering periotic bones. All 3 types of teeth present; deciduous dentition 
rudimentary; generally not persistent beyond foetal stage of animal. Mammae 1 pair or 2 pairs, abdominal. 
Decidua present, placenta belt-shaped. Marine. See #577. 
#4076(407; a). Subo. CREODONTA Cope, 1875, Supposed Carnivora of Eocene Rocky Mts., 3.— 
Extinct carnivores. Brain small, narrow, the cerebral lobes smooth or with one principal sulcus and 
entirely covered by the parietal bones. Tympanic bulla not ossified. Scaphoid, lunar and centrale 
separate (scaphoid and centrale united in Claenodon and Palaearctonyx; scaphoid, lunar and centrale 
in one species of Vulpavus, and exceptionally in Hyaenodon) . Astragalar trochlea flat (exc. Didymictis, 
Viverravus and the later mesonychidae). Digits 5-5 (except in mesonychidae where the first digit is 
vestigial in both fore and hind foot). An entepicondylar foramen on humerus (except Mesonyx) and 
usually a third trochanter on femur. 
3 Some authors divide the existing CARNIVORA into 3 sections as follows: 
Section I. AELXJROIDEA Flower, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 22; or heepestoidei Winge, 1893, 
Jordf. Nulevende Pungdyr, 46 so. HEEPESTOiDEAe Pocock, 1919, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v. 3 (18), June, 515; 
or MUNGOTOiDEA* Pocock, 1919, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9th ser., v. 3 (18), 515. Includes the feltdae, 
viVERRiDAE, PEOTELEiDAE and the HYAENiDAE. Cat-like carnivores. Auditory bulla much dilated, 
rounded, smooth, thin-waUed, and (except in hyaenidae) divided into two chambers by a septum. Bony 
auditory meatus short. Paroccipital process applied to, and spread over hinder part of bulla. Mastoid 
process never very salient, often obsolete. Carotid canal small, sometimes very inconspicuous. Condyloid 
and glenoid foramina concealed or absent. Cecum small, rarely absent. Os penis generally small and 
Irregular Garge in Cryptoprocta) or absent. Cowper's glands present; prostate distinctly lobed. 
Section II. CYNOIDEA Flower, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24. — Contains one family, canidae. 
Dog-like animals, which appear to hold an intermediate position between AELXJROIDEA and ARC- 
TOIDEA. Auditory bulla inflated, internal septum rudimentary; paroccipital process, although in con- 
tact with bulla, prominent; glenoid foramen large. Entepicondylar foramen absent (in living genera); 
crowns of upper molars triangular, blade of upper carnassial bilobed. Cecum always present, sometimes 
short and simple, if long it is folded upon itself. Cecum of nearly uniform width (about equal to that of 
ileum), with rounded termination, attached to side of canal, just beyond ileo-caecal valve. 
Section III. ARCTOIDEA Flower, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 15.— Includes uesidae, procyonidae 
and MUSTELiDAE. Auditory bulla simple, not roimded, dividing septum absent; inferior lip of auditory 
meatus considerably prolonged; paroccipital process of exoccipital more or less triangular, directed back- 
ward, outward, and downward, and standing quite apart from bulla; mastoid process of periotic always 
widely separated from paroccipital, and generally very prominent; carotid foramen large, and placed on 
inner margin of bulla, usually near middle, but occasionally more posteriorly; condyloid foramen distinct 
and exposed, and never sunk into a common opening with foramen lacerum posticum; glenoid foramen 
always present, usually conspicuous. Alisphenoid canal absent except in Ursus, Melursus, and Aelurus. 
Cecum absent. Cowper's glands absent, but rudimentary prostate and large cylindrical penial bone 
present. Toes 5 on each foot, completely developed. 
* Cope (1882, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Phila., v. 20, 473-475) keys the CARNIVORA as follows: 
a' («')• HYPOMYCTERi Cope, 1882, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, v. 20, 473.— External nostril occupied by com- 
plex maxillotm-binal bone; ethmoturbinals confined to posterior part of nasal fossa; inferior ethmoturbinal 
of reduced size. See b'. 
b' (c'). CERCOLEPTiDAE Bonaparte 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, v. 2, 111. — Sectorial [carnassial] 
teeth absent. Toes 5 on front feet, 5 on hind. Neotropical. Contains Cercoleptes. Syn. cercoleptididae<» 
Bonaparte, 1838, Revue Zool., v. 1, 212. 
c' (6')- Sectorial teeth in both jaws. See d'. 
