1099 
#479 (480). Canis'^s Linn., 1758a, 38, tat. familiaris syn. canis Gesner^ tsd. 
(1901) lupus. — Includes dogs, wolves, foxes, wild and domesticated. Teeth 
42: i. 3/3, c. 1/1, pm. 4/4, m. 2/3. Cecum generally coiled, contorted. 
It is to be recalled that the generic name Canis has been used by different 
authors in different senses varying from the exceedingly broad concept of Linne, 
1758a, to the exceedingly restricted concept of Gray, 1868. 
« #479^ {F). Not confined to South America. See #4795. 
#479B {E). Not confined to Asia; pupils circular. See #479 C. 
#479 C {D). * Canis Linn., 1758a, 38, tat. familiaris syn. canis.— Dogs and wolves proper. Canine teeth 
thick, broad, short; outer incisors greatly enlarged, more than twice the size of inner incisors, being some- 
what hyena-like in this respect; carnassials large; upper molars without definite cingulum; pm 4 without 
3d cusp on posterior border. Head [elongate] moderate; nose broad. Temporal muscle separated by a 
narrow linear central ridge. Tail elongate, bent, or curled. Africa; America; Asia; Europe. 
Syns.: Chaon^ Ham. Smith, 1839, Jardine's Nat. Lib., v. 9, 129, tpd. 1st sp. vulgaris so. lupus Linn.; 
Dysodus j 8 Cope, 1879, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Aug. 12-Nov. 4, 479, mt. prams, Japanese 
sleeve dog; 
Lupus » Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturg., 3 Th., Zool., Abt. 2, 1039-1040, tat. C. lupus Linn. syn. i. 
vulgaris, from Europe; Gray, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 494, 501-504, tat. C. lupus Linn, 
syn. L. vulgaris Brisson; 
Synagodus j » Cope, 1879, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Aug. 12-Nov. 4, 179, 186, mt. mansuetus, 
lap dog. 
#4792)(C). Thos Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturg., Zool., Th. 3, Abt. 2, 1037, tsd. (1914; 1924) vulgaris Oken so. 
Canis aureus Linn. — Coyotes, jackals, small prairie wolves, Schakale. Canine teeth long, slender, Vulpes- 
like; outer incisors small, carnassials small; upper molars with well-marked cingulum; pm 4 with minute 
extra cusp on hind border. Teeth 42, with same formula as Canis 
Syns.: Dieba ' Gray, 1869, Cat. Cam. Edent. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 180, 189, mt. anthus Cuv.; 
Jacalius Bourguignat, 1875, Ann. Sci. Geol., Paris, v. 6 (6), 16, footnote, for Sacalius; 
Lupulus Blainville, 1830, Mamm. [nv]; 
Lupulus j Blainville, "1843", Osteog. Mamm. rficents et foss., v. 2 (13), 30-32 (cites cancrivorus, 
brachyteles, brachyotos or procyonoides); Gervais, 1855, Hist. nat. Mamm., 60-62; 
Lyciscus » Ham. Smith, 1839, Jardine's Nat. Lib., v. 9, 160, tsd. (1912) 1st sp. latrans Say, Nebraska*; 
Neocyon » Gray, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 506, mt. latrans Say, Nebraska '; 
Oxygoiis » Hodgson, 1841, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist., v. 2 (6), July, 213, mt. indicus Hodgson so. (1904) 
Canis aureus indicus, from Nepal, India; 
Proamphicyon » Hatcher, 1902, Mem. Carnegie Mus., v. 1 (2), Sept., 95, mt. tod. nebrascensis 
Hatcher, Nebraska *, fossil; 
Sacalius ° Ham. Smith, 1839, Jardine's Nat. Lib., v. 9, 206, tod. aureus Linn., Europe *; 
Saccalius Grev6, 1894, Nova Acta Leop., Halle, 119; 
Thous ' Ham. Smith, 1839, Jardine's Nat. Lib., v. 9, 193, tod. anthus Cuv., from Egypt; 
Vulpicanis ° Blainville, 1837, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, 2d ser., Zool., v. 8, Nov., 279, mt. aureus Linn. 
iinE(B). Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838-1839, Hoeven's Tijdschrift Natuur. Geschied. Physiol., v. 5 (4), 
[post Oct. 11, 1838] 285, tsd. (1904) procyonoides Gray so. viverrinus Temm., China and Japan.— Raccoon 
dog. Confined to Asia. Fur loose, long; tail short, straight, bushy; ears short. Upper carnassials com- 
pressed, 3-lobed, with a small anterior internal lobe. Syn. Nyctoraetes Jager, 1850, Nova Acta Acad. 
Leop., Halle, v. 22 (2), 772. 
m9F (A). Confined to South America. See #479G. 
W90 (479H). Chrysocyon Ham. Smith, 1839, Jardine's Nat. Lib., v. 9, 241, mt. jubatus, S. America.— 
Aguara wolves. Legs long; distal articulations of metacarpals and metatarsals abnormal. Tail short, reach- 
ing only to hocks. Cervical mane short; coronal sagittal crest single, linear. Head very long; nose slender, 
very long; skull elongate; postorbital process thick, convex above, bent down at tip; temporal muscles 
separated by a narrow, linear, central ridge; pupil circular; teeth 42; premolars approximate, large; upper 
carnassials moderate, in same line as other teeth; internal palate narrow. 
#479H(479G). Legs not especially long; distal articulations of metacarpals and metatarsals normal. 
Tail long, extending below the hocks. Angular process of mandible low and narrow; lower margin of man- 
dible convex, not provided with sub-angular process. See #4797 to N, as revised by Cabrera, 1931. 
#479/ (479 J). Lycalopex Burmeister, 1854, Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras., Th. 1, 95, tsd. (1914; 1931) Canis 
vetulus Lund, 1842, (1930 a) magellanicus Gray.— Small-toothed dogs. Muzzle short; facio-cephalic index 
(fide Cabrera, 1931, 57, = distance from posterior end of nasal to incisor alveoli X 100, divided by basal length) 
about 45; carnassials small; length of pm * hardly greater than length of m i; length of m i about equals 
length of m 2+m 3; upper molars subquadrate, very little extended transversely. S. America. Syns. 
(fide Cabrera, 1931, J. Mamm., v. 12 (1), 57): 
Eunothocyon « Allen, 1905, Reports Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia 1896-1899, v. 3 (1), 152, tod. Canis 
sladeni Thomas, 1903, so. (1911; 1931) Canis vetulus Lund, 1842; 
Nothocyon • Wortman & Matthew, 1900 (for 1899), Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., v. 12, Feb., 124 (type 
either urostictus or parvidens) [not Nothocyon h Matthew, 1900 (for 1899), 20, 62, no men nudum ,tsd. (1902) 
geismarianus, fossil dog]. 
