segment of RNA if that region is involved in an 
mRNA duplex as short as 1 5-20 base pairs. Maximal 
activity (50% A ^ I conversion) occurs with a du- 
plex target of 100 base pairs or greater. Although 
the natural function of this RNA-modifying activity 
remains to be delineated, these studies demonstrate 
that mRNA secondary structures can target this ubiq- 
uitous RNA-editing activity. 
Dr. Liebhaber is also Professor of Genetics and 
Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School 
of Medicine. 
Books and Chapters of Books 
Albitar, M., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1991 . Regulation 
of the human embryonic and adult a-globin genes 
in transgenic mice. In The Regulation of Hemo- 
globin Switching: Proceedings of the Seventh 
Conference on Hemoglobin Switching, Airlie, 
Virginia, September 8-11, 1990 (Stamatoyan- 
nopoulos, G., and Nienhuis, A.W., Eds.). Balti- 
more, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp 
55-69. 
Liebhaber, S.A., Russell, J. E., Cash, F.E., and Esh- 
leman, S.S. 1992. Inhibition of mRNA translation 
byantisense sequences. In Gene Regulation: Biol- 
ogy of Antisense RNA and DNA (Erickson, R.P., 
and IzantJ.G., Eds.). New York: Raven, pp 163- 
174. 
Articles 
Albitar, M., Cash, F.E., Peschle, C, and Liebhaber, 
S.A. 1992. Developmental switch in the relative 
expression of the al - and a2-globin genes in hu- 
mans and in transgenic mice. Blood 79:2471- 
2474. 
Baumann, G., Davila, N., Shaw, M.A., Ray, J., Lieb- 
haber, S.A., and Cooke, N.E. 1991. Binding of 
human growth hormone (GH) -variant (placental 
GH) to GH-binding proteins in human plasma. / 
Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1175-1179. 
Cooke, N.E., Emery, J.G., Ray, J., Urbanek, M., 
Estes, P.A., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1991. Placental 
expression of the human growth hormone-variant 
gene. Trophoblast Res 5:61-74. 
Estes, P.A., Cooke, N.E., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1992. 
A native RNA secondary structure controls alterna- 
tive splice-site selection and generates two hu- 
man growth hormone isoforms. / Biol Chem 
267:14902-14908. 
Goodman, H.M., Tai, L.-R., Ray, J., Cooke, N.E., and 
Liebhaber, S.A. 1991. Human growth hormone- 
variant produces insulin-like and lipolytic re- 
sponses in rat adipose tissue. Endocrinology 
129:1779-1783. 
Groebe, D R., Busch, M R., Tsao, T.Y.M., Luh, F.Y., 
Tam, M P., Chung, A.E., Gaskell, M., Liebhaber, 
S.A., and Ho, C. 1992. High-level production of 
human a- and jS-globins in insect cells. Prot Exp 
Purif 5:154-141. 
MacLeod, J.N., Lee, A.K., Liebhaber, S.A., and 
Cooke, N.E. 1992. Developmental control and al- 
ternative splicing of the placentally expressed 
transcripts from the human growth hormone gene 
cluster, f Biol Chem 267:14219-14226. 
Nishikura, K., Yoo, C, Kim, U., Murray, J. M., Estes, 
P.A., Cash, F.E., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1991 . Sub- 
strate specificity of the dsRNA unwinding/modify- 
ing activity. EMBO f 10:3523-3532. 
Romao, L., Cash, F., Weiss, I., Liebhaber, S.A., 
Pirastu, M., Galanello, R., Loi, A., loannou. P., and 
Cao, A. 1992. Human a-globin gene expression is 
silenced by terminal truncation of chromosome 
l6p beginning immediately 3' of the f-globin 
gene. Hum Genet 89:323-328. 
Romao, L., Osorio-Almeida, L., Higgs, D.R., 
Lavinha, J., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1991. a- 
Thalassemia resulting from deletion of regulatory 
sequences far upstream of the a-globin structural 
gene. S/oo^/ 78:1589-1595. 
Tang, W., Luo, H.-Y., Albitar, M., Patterson, M., 
Eng, B., Waye, J.S., Liebhaber, S.A., Higgs, D R., 
and Chui, D.H.K. 1992. Human embryonic f- 
globin chain expression in deletional a-thalasse- 
mias. Blood 80:517-522. 
Urbanek, M., MacLeod, J.N. , Cooke, N.E., and Lieb- 
haber, S.A. 1992. Expression of a human growth 
hormone (hGH) receptor isoform is predicted by 
tissue-specific alternative splicing of exon 3 of 
the hGH receptor gene transcript. Mol Endo- 
crinol 6:219-281 . 
Wang, X., Lee, G., Liebhaber, S.A., and Cooke, N.E. 
1992. Human cysteine-rich protein. A member of 
the LIM/double-finger family displaying coordi- 
nate serum induction with c-myc. / Biol Chem 
267:9176-9184. 
GENETICS 223 
