The Goosander 
89 
Continental Europe : Iceland. — Resident and pretty common (Slater, Manual, p. 75). 
Widely distributed, but nowhere common (Hantzsch). 
Fceroes. — Not known to breed ; rare visitor. 
Continent : Norway. — Up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, but most commonly in 
southern and S.E. parts (Westerlund, p. 186). 
Sweden. — From Skane, Blekinge, and Gefle, north to Jemtland and Lapland ; common 
on L. Venern (/. c. p. 186). 
Russia : Finland. — Scarce in S., but common Enare (Westerlund) ; common near Ulea- 
borg (Dresser) ; Kola Peninsula and Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev, Waigatz, and on 
the mainland south to Upper and Mid Volga (scarce), and N. of Orenburg Government 
(S. A. Buturlin, H. Schalone, Pleske, Pearson, &c.) ; also Baltic Provinces (Buturlin). 
Denmark. — Roskild Fjord, Moen, near Vordingbord on Sjolland, but always sparingly 
(R. Olsen). 
Germany. — E. Prussia (Hartert, Ibis, 92, p. 519), West Prussia, Pomerania, Mark Bran- 
denburg, Riigen, Mecklenburg, Silesia, and Schleswig-Holstein (Rey, Hartert, Naumann, 
&c.) ; also Bavaria {Orn. Monatsber., 1910, p. 33). 
Switzerland. — See H. Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 184 ; also E. H. Zoltikofer. (Breeds on 
Lakes Bienne, Neuchatel, Morat, and Constance.) 
Bosnia. — O. Reiser, y./! O., 1885, p. 55. 
Roumania. — Breeds very rarely (R. R. von Dombrowski), but confirmation required 
of this. 
Asia. — Breeds across the Continent east to Kamtschatka, the Kuriles (teste Snow, Stej- 
neger), and the Commander Isles, but not on the Taimyr Peninsula, nor Tchucksi Land, nor 
on the Lower Kolyma (S. A. Buturlin). In the west it breeds in the Tomsk and Tobolsk 
Governments of Siberia south to about 52° N. lat., but in Central Asia it is replaced by 
M. merganser comatus {M. orientalis, Gould), which breeds in the high-lying lakes of 
Central Asia and Tibet, and also in the Himalayas at about 10,000 feet (E. C. Stuart Baker). 
America. — In North America it is replaced by another sub-species, M. merganser ameri- 
canus (Cassin.), which is distributed over the greater part of the Dominion of Canada, and 
ranges into Alaska and southward to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. For details, see A. O. U. 
Check List (new ed.), Macoun's Cat. of Canadian Birds, 2nd ed., p. 73, &c. 
I have shot birds of this American form of the Goosander, and must confess that I 
could find no difference between them and the European race. I think that this sub-species, 
as well as the American Golden-Eye and the Greater Scaup, have little claim to separation. 
An adult female and three young American Goosanders which I killed in Newfoundland 
in 1899 are absolutely identical with Scottish specimens. 
Migration Range. 
British Isles. — Scarce in Shetland, but a regular, though not common, visitor to the 
Orkneys. It is also scarce in the Western Islands of Scotland and the Outer Hebrides, 
and also in the west, except in a few estuaries, such as the Clyde. Except in the hardest 
winters, it is very common on all the large rivers and shallow lakes of the Highlands, and 
nowhere so abundant as on Loch Leven (Kinross) in early spring, where I have seen 
hundreds in March. In England it is more common in the northern counties than in the 
VOL. II. M 
