9^ British Diving Ducks 
south, although a few always spend the winter on the south coast. In hard winters they 
are even numerous on the coasts of Sussex and Devonshire, especially about the estuary 
of the Exe. A few always winter in the Channel Islands. In North Wales it is a " winter 
visitor, not uncommon on north and west coasts and on the Upper Dee, not recorded in 
Anglesey or Lleyn, and only twice in Montgomeryshire " (Forrest, Fauna of N. Wales, 
p. 296). In Ireland it is a " scarce winter visitor, met with irregularly and in very small 
numbers, but probably an annual visitant" (Ussher and Warren, B. of Ireland, p. 217). 
In Ireland the Goosander frequents ponds and streams in winter as it does the Scottish 
lakes and rivers unless frozen out. 
Migrates " across country," and not by the seacoast only, to the Mediter- 
ranean and Black Seas. 
5/^/;^.— Santander (Irby, Ibis, p. 83) ; Malaga (Ardvalo) ; Valencia (Saunders, cf. Ibis, 
71. P- 397)- 
Sardinia.— R.-^x^ (Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 345); accidental (Arrigoni, Man., p. 769). 
Italy.— Sc^vcQ visitor to N. Italy, chiefly from Veneto and the Po delta (Giglioli, Avif 
Ifal., ^. ^()2>\ If^iSy 98, p. 73)- Not uncommon in Lago di Garda and in Lombardy (J. 
Whitaker). 
Sicily. — Rare (Arrigoni, Manuale, p. 769). 
Malla.—OncQ (C. A. Wright, Ibis). 
Greece. — Rare (O. Reiser, Ornis. Balcanica, iii. p. 507) ; Ionian Isles (T. L. Powys, 
Ibis, 60, p. 354) ; Bosporus (Elwes and Buckley, Ibis, 70, p. 340) ; Herzegovina (Kadich, 
p. 98). 
Russia. — On migration in Caucasus. 
Astrakhan. — Common (Henke, Ibis, 82, p. 229). 
Black Sea and Dobrudscha. — Regular passage migrant (Dombrowski). 
Africa. — Tangier, twice (L. H. Irby, Orn. Str. Gibraltar, p. 231); Algeria, only in 
severe winters (Loche, Exp. Sci. Alg. Ois., ii. 4, 400) ; one from Algeria in Milan Museum, 
and said to occur in Tunisia (J. Whitaker, B. of Tunisia, ii. p. 222) ; Egypt, once seen 
{M. J. Nicoll, Ibis, igog, p. 368). 
Asia. — [Impossible to distinguish winter records of Central and N. Asian races at 
present in S.E. Asia.] Palestine (not recorded by Tristram). Asia Minor, rare(/./ O., 
1908, p. 621). Records from Euphrates (C. G. Darrford) probably belong to this race, but 
from the Mekran coast (Hume, Str. Feath, iv. p. 496 ; cf. also Str. F., v. p. 291) ; Afghan- 
istan (Stoliczka and Aitchison) ; Northern India south to Bombay (cf. Stuart Baker, Indian 
Ducks, p. 271) ; Burmah (F. Finn, Indian Ducks, p. 272). 
China. — Tientsin, abundant (Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 63, p. 323) ; Lower Yangtse very common 
(Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 498). 
fapan. — Temm. and Schl. (Seeb., B. f. Emp.) ; Saghalien (Dresser, Eggs of B. of 
Europe, p. 586). 
All these records probably belong to M. m. comatus. 
N. Ainerica. — The American Goosander, which I must regard as identical with the 
European race, moves north from Newfoundland and the Canadian Arctic and Alaska in 
October and winters in South Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and many of the 
interior states, going as far north as Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Northern Mexico. On 
