Volume 38(3,4), 1999 
57 
conditions. However, based on current 
observations, the most promise for YHR biocontrol 
seems to reside with insect agents. I therefore 
recommend that entomologists from Hawai'i take 
an active future role in the YHR biocontrol 
program. 
Many of the more prominent leaf feeding insects 
will undoubtedly be found to be generalist feeders, 
and therefore not suitable for further consideration. 
For testing in China, R. hawaiensis stem cuttings, 
both rooted and non-rooted, have been sent to the 
Institute of Plant Protection to establish a test plant 
population at that facility. Previous attempts at 
cultivating both species of 'akala in other Rubus 
biocontrol programs have shown these species 
difficult to maintain in a greenhouse, however 
(Gardner et al., 1997). Cuttings, rather than 
seedlings, were preferred to facilitate more rapid 
establishment of mature plants. To avoid 
unnecessary impact on R. macraei populations, our 
strategy was to screen agents first against the more 
common species, using the more rare plant only 
when an agent does not attack R. hawaiensis. 
Further survey work in China for YHR and its 
natural enemies is planned for other sites in 
Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces not previously 
visited, specifically near the communities to the 
east of Jinghong in Yunnan, and in the Emei 
Mountains southwest of Chengdu in Sichuan. 
Sites near the city of Guiyang in Guizhou Province 
have also been identified as having YHR. The 
species has also been reported from the mountains 
of Tibet. Future surveys may take place during 
other seasons, particularly in September or 
October, in an attempt to observe as wide a variety 
of natural enemies as possible. 
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