RING- OUSELS. 99 
LEITER XXXTIL To T. PENNANT, Esa. 
DEAR SIR, Selborne, l77l. 
Olsr the twelfth of July I had a fair opportunity of contemphitiiig 
the motions of the caprimulgus, or fern-owl, as it was playing 
round a large oak that swarmed with scarabcsi solstitiales, or 
fern-chafers. The powers of its wing were wonderful, exceeding, 
if possible, the various evolutions and quick turns of the swallow 
genus. But the circumstance that pleased me most was, that I 
saw it distinctly, more than once, put out its short leg while on 
the wing, and by a bend of the head, deliver somewhat into its 
mouth. If it takes any part of its prey with its foot, as I have 
now the greatest reason to suppose it does these chafers, I no 
longer wonder at the use of its middle toe, which is curiously 
furnished with a serrated claw.* 
Sw^allows and martins, the bulk of them I mean, have forsaken 
us sooner this year than usual ; for, on September the twenty- 
second, they rendezvoused in a neighbour's walnut-tree, where 
it seemed probable they had taken up their lodging for the night. 
At the dawn of the day, which was foggy, they arose all together 
in infinite numbers, occasioning such a rushing from the strokes 
of their wings against the hazy air, as might be heard to a con- 
siderable distance : since that no flock has appeared, only a few 
stragglers. 
Some sv^ifts staid late, till the tv^enty-second of August — a 
rare instance ! for they usually v^ithdraw within the first v^eek.f 
On September the tv^enty-fourth three or four ring-ousels ap- 
peared in my fields for the first time this season : hov^ punctual 
are these visitors in their autumnal and spring migrations ! 
* 1 bare noticed this species perform the feat which is here mentioned by Mr. White, but am 
inclic'jd to cittribiite to it a rather differeat purpose, as its foot is manifestly but very ill calculated 
for capt'-iring- prey. It will be observed that, on bringing the foot of a dead motheater towards 
the mouth, the serrated claw is admirably adapted for detaching the hooked elaws of beetles, 
which must of course often hitch to the sides of the bird's mouth, and impede its swallowing of 
them. To this explanation it has been objected that some members of this genus are without 
this cunous appendage, whereas others which have no rictorial bristles are provided with it. I 
would suggest, in the former case, that the food is more exclusively lepidopterous ; and, in the 
latter, that it evidently is not so much the movable and yielding vibrissse as the corners of the 
mouth which require the aid of this singular and remarkable structure. The same explanation 
will equally apply to the other various birds in which the pectinated claw is observable. — Ed. 
t A stray swift has been observed sometimes in September. — En. 
H '2 
