162 
ZOOLOGY. 
uniform dark glossy green. Female with the markings more obscure. Length about 10.75 inches ; extent, 21 ; wing, 6.50. 
Female smaller. Iris brown, bill black, feet gray. Tongue, when drawn out to its fullest extent, projects 1.50 inch 
beyond bill. 
Hah. — Western America from Black hills to Pacific. 
The "collared" woodpecker, called also "Lewis','' in honor of the indefatigable explorer 
of the northwest, is one of the most beautiful of all the species, and perhaps, of all, the least 
like a Avoodpecker in its habits. It is abundant during summer in all the interior districts 
never approaching the cooler coast, where few of the trees grow which it prefers to inhabit. 
It arrives at Puget Sound earl}^ in May, and some remain during mild winters in the Territory, 
though in the very cold winter of 1853- 54 none remained at Vancouver. It seems to enjoy 
the hottest weather, and at mid-day may often be seen perched on a dry limb, from which 
it will sail off in pursuit of insects, and return, circling and flapping, to its perch. It also 
sometimes glides down to the ground after grasshoppers, and searches carefully among the 
branches and leaves for insects, disdaining to toil for its food like its laborious relatives, at least 
during summer. In winter it is probably compelled to work, after its favorite autumn food 
of beri-ies is gone, but at other times it rarely ever raps on the trees. So little do its habits 
resemble those of the genus, that Nuttall compares the blackish flock of young in Ml to the 
English jackdaw. It, however, burrows holes for its nest, at all heights from the ground, 
commonly in a dead tree. Its brilliant and soft plumage resembles more that of some tropical 
bird than the plain woodpeckers which ,are its companions in this northern climate. As it 
wheels and flutters sloAvly around the trees, the brilliant metallic green and rich carmine flash 
in the sun like the fiery tints of the humming bird. Its flight is always very different from 
that of other woodpeckers. Besides that above described, it has a travelling flight, which, 
instead of being a succession of undulating and rapid movements, is rather labored and steady 
flapping, somewhat like that of the jay. The notes of this bird seem to be few; a harsh call, 
rarely uttered in summer, Avhen it seeks concealment for itself and nest, is quite unlike any 
other woodpecker's cry. The flocks of young, which in fall associate together to numbers 
of eight or ten, are more noisy, though even then quiet compared to the flicker. The 
Californian woodpecker, as I have seen it in the autumn, resembles this bird somewhat in 
habits, but seems not to feed so much on fruit, and in cries, flight, and habits to resemble 
much more the common woodpecker. In brilliancy and richness of plumage it however equals 
but does not surpass this species. — C. 
Lewis' woodpecker is very abundant throughout the more open portions of the timbered 
region of the northwest coast, preferring oak "openings" and groves. At Fort Dalles, on the 
Columbia, they are extremely numerous, not only breeding there during summer, but also 
found as winter residents. Their breeding places are generally holes in oak and other trees, 
which, from the appearances of those I have examined, seem as if they had been excavated for 
the purpose. The species is also found at Puget Sound, but is much less abundant there than 
on the Columbia near Fort Dalles. At the latter place they are constant winter residents. 
They have many habits in common with the various species of their relatives of the genus 
Golaptes. They seem in winter to be semi-gregarious, flying singly, yet still keeping more or 
less in each other's company. Their flight at this season is high and very erratic, resembling 
much, in its characteristic peculiarities, that of the swallow. On warm days they keep up a 
lively chattering noise, unlike, in character, that of any other woodpecker that I have heard. 
During the cold season they are so shy that it is difficult to shoot them, as at the least alarm 
