Metamorphism in the Mineral Kingdom. 267 
was found to be present in the skull of the Mandtus senega- 
lensis, which inhabits the rivers at Old Calabar. 
III. Historical Review of the State of our Knowledge respecting Meta- 
morphism in the Mineral Kingdom, with special regard to certain 
recent Researches. By John S. Livingston, Esq. 
Mr Livingston stated, that within late years great addi- 
tions had been made by the labours of chemical geologists 
to our knowledge of the more recondite geological pheno- 
mena. To these additions he wished to direct the attention 
of the Society, as they seemed in this country to have, in a 
great measure, escaped notice. After expressing his opinion 
that, if we are to make any advances in our knowledge of 
the deep-seated causes of metamorphic changes, it must be 
brought about by introducing into the methods of geological 
research much more of the experimental than had hitherto 
been considered necessary, he rapidly sketched the progress 
of inquiry into metamorphism. Every year was enabling us 
more and more to imitate the mineral productions that occur 
in nature, though we cannot reproduce all the conditions 
imder which they were formed. What the influence of the 
long lapse of ages might have been, must of course ever 
remain an insoluble problem. After passing under review 
the opinions of Hutton, Mr Livingston referred to the expe- 
riments of Sir James Hall, but especially to his having 
succeeded in producing a crystalline marble, by placing 
powdered calc spar in a gun-barrel hermetically sealed, and 
exposing it to a high temperature, — an experiment that had 
been recently impugned by Gunstav Eose, but on insufficient 
grounds. Eeference was then made to the processes adopted 
by Berthier, H. Daville, and Caron, for artificially producing 
minerals by fusion alone, and especially to the production 
of corundum by Ebelman. But the most important re- 
sults were obtained when Senarmont, by experimenting on 
minerals with water at high temperatures, and under enor- 
mous pressures, produced crystalline quartz, spathic iron, 
sulphate of baryta, and sulphide of antimony. Daubree in- 
1857 had, by using a temperature of 572° Fahr., converted 
wood into anthracite ; and Baroulier in 1858 obtained coal 
VOL. II. 2 M 
