(GLUT; this abbreviation is also the gene symbol) 1 
to 5. Altered expression of the GLUT4 protein ap- 
pears to contribute to the insulin resistance charac- 
teristic of insulin-deficient states such as diabetes 
mellitus and fasting. 
Dr. Bell and his co-workers have also isolated 
and characterized cDNAs encoding other candidate 
diabetogenic genes. These include cDNAs encoding 
three different isoforms of human hexokinase and 
one isoform of human glucokinase; phosphoryla- 
tion of glucose by these enzymes represents a key 
regulatory step in its intracellular metabolism. In 
addition, in collaboration with Dr. Donald F. Stei- 
ner (HHMI, The University of Chicago), cDNAs en- 
coding islet amyloid polypeptide (LAPP) from hu- 
man, rat, mouse, cat, and guinea pig have been 
isolated. lAPP is a component of the amyloid depos- 
its present in the islets of Langerhans of diabetic 
patients. These deposits are believed to impair the 
function of the insulin-producing P-cell and there- 
by contribute to development of glucose intoler- 
PUBLICATIONS 
ance. The contribution of each of these candidate 
genes to the natural history of NIDDM is being ex- 
amined. 
II. Other Projects. 
In collaboration with Drs. Samuel Refetoff and 
Leslie DeGroot (The University of Chicago), the 
molecular basis for generalized resistance to thy- 
roid hormone in one family has been determined. 
A G^C nucleotide replacement resulting in a 
Gly->Arg substitution at amino acid 340 in one of 
the two alleles of the patient's thyroid hormone 
P-gene results in the expression of a protein that 
does not bind thyroid hormone in vitro. This muta- 
tion is associated with delayed verbal expression 
and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 
Dr. Bell is also Associate Professor in the Depart- 
ments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and 
of Medicine at The University of Chicago. 
Books and Chapters of Books 
Sanke, T, Nishi, M., Steiner, D.F., and Bell, G.I. 1989. Sequence of a human insulinoma cDNA encoding islet 
amyloid polypeptide: a mediator of P-cell dysfunction in diabetes? In Perspectives on the Molecular Biol- 
ogy and Immunology of the Pancreatic ^Cell (Hanahan, D., McDevitt, H.O., and Cahill, G.F., Jr., Eds.). 
Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp 49-54. 
Serjeantson, S.W, White, B., Bell, G.I., and Zimmet, P. 1989. The glucose transporter gene and type 2 diabe- 
tes in the Pacific. In Diabetes 1988 (Larkins, R.G., Zimmet, PZ., and Chisholm, D.J., Eds.). Amsterdam: 
Elsevier, pp 329-333. 
Steiner, D.F ., Bell, G L , Hammer, R.E. , Madsen, O.D., Carroll, R.J. , and Chan, S.J. 1989- Cellular and molecu- 
lar biology of the (3-cell: an overview. In Perspectives on the Molecular Biology and Immunology of the 
Pancreatic ^Cell (Hanahan, D., McDevitt, H.O., and Cahill, G.F., Jr. , Eds.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold 
Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp 19-36. 
Steiner, D.F ., Bell, G.I. , and Tager, H.S. 1989. Chemistry and biosynthesis of pancreatic protein hormones. In 
Endocrinology (DeGroot, LJ., Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, ed 2, pp 1263-1289. 
Articles 
Bell, G.I. , Murray J.C., Nakamura, Y, Kayano, T , Eddy R.L., Fan, Y-S., Byers, M.G., and Shows, T.B. 1989. 
Polymorphic human insulin-responsive glucose-transporter gene on chromosome 17pl3. Diabetes 
38:1072-1075. 
Cox, N.J., and Bell, G.I. 1989- Disease associations: chance, artifact or susceptibility genes? Z)?a&e?es 38:947- 
950. 
Cox, N.J., Bell, G.I., and Xiang, K.-S. 1988. Linkage disequilibrium in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor II 
region of human chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet 43:495-501. 
Cox, N.J., Xiang, K.-S., Bell, G.I., and Karam, J.H. 1988. Glucose transporter gene and non-insulin-dependent 
diabetes (letter). Lancet 2:793- 794. 
Continued 
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