tional Jewish Center, this laboratory has recently 
studied several patients who had been hospitalized 
with toxic shock. In a number of these patients, lev- 
els of Vp2-bearing cells were significantly elevated, 
suggesting that the stimulatory properties of the 
toxins demonstrated in the test tube had conse- 
quences for the whole individual infected with an 
organism producing such a toxin. 
Thus some or all of the pathological effects of 
these toxins may be due to the fact that they stimu- 
late a sizable portion of all T cells in a given individ- 
ual. The responding T cells will produce a col- 
lection of lymphokines, including interleukin-2, 
cachectin, and interferon'-y, which are known to 
PUBLICATIONS 
have toxic effects when given in large amounts. Pa- 
thology may therefore be due to the T cell products 
and not directly to the toxins themselves. Wild mice 
may express particular superantigens and thus de- 
lete T cells bearing particular VfBs, in an attempt to 
preempt attack by particular toxins that may be 
produced by the flora in their environment, a sug- 
gestion that will be tested by further experiment. 
Dr. Kappler is also Member of the Department of 
Medicine at the National Jewish Center for Immu- 
nology and Respiratory Medicine and Professor of 
Microbiology, Immunology, and Medicine at the 
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. 
Books and Chapters of Books 
Martack, P, and Kappler, J. 1989. Antigen recognition and tolerance. Consequences for the T cell repertoire. 
In Current Communications in Molecular Biology. Perspectives on the Molecular Biology and Immunol- 
ogy of the Pancreatic B Cell (Hanahan, D., McDevitt, H.O., and Cahill, G.F., Jr., Eds.). Cold Spring Harbor, 
NY: Cold Spring Harbor, p 169. 
Articles 
Blackman, M.A., Marrack, P., and Kappler, J. 1989. Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on posi- 
tive thymic selection of VplTa"*" T cells. Science 244:214-217. 
Carbone, A.M., Marrack, P, and Kappler, J.W 1988. Demethylated CD8 gene in CD4"'" T cells suggests that 
CD4"'' cells develop from CD8"'" precursors. Science 242:117 4-111 6. 
Carbone, A.M., Marrack, P, and Kappler, J.W 1988. Remethylation at sites 5' of the murine Lyt-2 gene in asso- 
ciation with shutdown of Lyt-2 expression. J Immunol 141:1369-1375. 
Fenton, R.G., Martack, P, Kappler, J.W, Kanagawa, O., and Seidman, J.G. 1988. Isotypic exclusion of 78 T cell 
receptors in transgenic mice bearing a reartanged p-chain gene. Science 241:1089-1092. 
Finkel, T.H., Martack, P , Kappler, J.W , Kubo, R.T., and Cambier, J.C. 1989. a^T ceU receptor and CD3 trans- 
duce different signals in immature T cells. Implications for selection and tolerance. J Immunol 142:3006- 
3012. 
Kappler, J. , Kotzin, B., Herron, L., Gelfand, E.W, Bigler, R.D., Boylston, A., Carrel, S., Posnett, D.N., Choi, Y , 
and Martack, R 1989. vp-specific stimulation of human T cells by staphylococcal toxins. Science 244:811- 
813. 
Kappler, J.W, Kushnir, E., and Martack, P 1989. Analysis of Vpl7a expression in new mouse strains bearing 
the Vpa haplotype. J Exp Med 169 ■.1555-1541. 
Kotzin, B., Kappler, J.W , Marrack, PC , and Herron, L.R. 1989. T cell tolerance to self antigens in New Zea- 
land hybrid mice with lupus-like disease. J Immunol 143:89-94. 
Kubo, R.T, Born, W, Kappler, J.W, Martack, P, and Pigeon, M. 1989. Characterization of a monoclonal anti- 
body which detects all murine ap T cell receptors. J Immunol 142:2736-2742. 
Marrack, P , and Kappler, J.W 1988. The T-cell repertoire for antigen and MHC. Immunol Today 9:308. 
Marrack, P, McCormack, J., and Kappler, J. 1989. Presentation of antigen, foreign histocompatibility complex 
proteins and self by thymus cortical epithelium. Nature 338:503-505. 
McDuffie, M., Roehm, N., Kappler, J.W , and Martack, P 1988. Involvement of major histocompatibility com- 
plex products in tolerance induction in the thymus. J Immunol 141:1840-1847. 
Continued 
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