Ferruginous Duck 33 
The windpipe of the male Ferruginous Duck is narrow both at the top and bottom, but 
widens half-way down into an oval cavity. At the top of the lower part of the throat is the 
drum, of which the left side is the longest, and on this there is a large aperture in the skin 
which is divided in the centre by a branching arch of bone (broad at the top and thin at the- 
base). The right side of the chamber is only divided by small apertures in the skin. 
Distribution. — The general range of this species is principally centred in the temperate 
lands of the Western Palaearctic region. It is found breeding throughout Central Asia, 
but is also very common in Central and Southern Europe. In summer it ranges as far 
north as Denmark and Central Russia, and in winter west to the Canaries, east to India, 
where it is very abundant, and south to North Africa. To England it is a regular visitor,, 
chiefly to the eastern counties in spring. 
Breeding Range. 
Europe: Spain. — A regular breeder in the marshes of the Guadalquivir (Saunders,. 
Lilford, Irby, Chapman, &c.). Chapman {Unexplored Spain, p. 190) states that it is said 
to breed in the Lagunas de Daimiel in Central Spain. 
Italy. — It chiefly occurs in spring and autumn passage, but is said to breed in Tuscany, 
Mantova, and the basin of the Po (Arrigoni). Salvadori says it does not breed in Italy,, 
but his observations were taken many years ago. 
Holland. — Probably breeds in small numbers (F. C. R. Jourdain). East Friesland 
(Dresser, p. 582). 
France. — Has once bred near Dunkerque (M. de Meezemaker in Dresser's Birds of 
Europe, p. 583). 
Germany. — Breeds in East Prussia (/<^/5, 1892, p. 579); also in West Prussia, Pomerania, 
Brunswick, Anhalt, Altenberg, Brandenburg, Posen, Lausitz, and Lothringen. Boje and 
Mecklenburg state that it used to breed in Holstein (Dresser, p. 582), but apparently it does- 
not do so now. 
Aftslria-Hungary. — Breeds commonly in Hungary (von Madaraz) ; also in Galicia,. 
Slavonia, and Austrian-Poland. 
Balkan Peitinsula. — Probably in Greece (Reiser, Ornis Bale., iii. p. 503) ; commonest 
breeding diving duck on the Lower Danube and Dobrudscha (Reiser, Jourdain, &c.) ; Her- 
zegovina (Reiser and Von Kadich) ; Albania (Lilford) ; Montenegro, commonly on the 
Scutari Lake (Lv. Fiikver, Orn. Jahab., xii. p. 77). 
Russia. — " Commonly N. to Poland, not in Baltic Provinces or Moscow Government ;: 
near Tjumen in the south part of the Perm Government, though farther east the range does 
not extend so far north, but is very difficult to trace" (S. Buturlin, quoted by Dresser). 
Asia. — E. Turkestan {Stray Feathers, iv. p. 202 ; Kashmir, abundant (G. Dalgleish, 
Hume, and Gates, Ibis, 1909, p. 283, and 1908, p. 42, Stuart Baker, &c.). Hume premises 
that it may breed on the lakes in the plains of India, but Stuart Baker (p. 231) thinks it 
does not do so. S. Tibet (Walton, Ibis, 1906, p. 255) ; Ferghana and the Pamirs {Ibis, 1883, 
p. 77); S. and E. Thian Shan region (/. F. O., 1908, p. 81, and 1906, p. 427 ; commonly 
in Transcaspia (Jourdain). Finsch found them breeding in the valley of the Ob, Siberia, 
as far north as the Polar Circle. 
Africa.— Morocco (Irby, p. 227) ; Algeria (Salvin, Locke, Whitaker) ; probably breeds, 
in Tunisia (Whitaker, Birds of Tunisia, ii. p. 215). 
VOL. I. ' -R 
