34 British Diving Ducks 
Migration Range. 
Europe. — In winter the range of the Ferruginous Duck extends throughout Central 
.and Southern Europe, where it remains unless driven south by the formation of ice. 
It is common in Holland and Belgium on migration, and goes north as far as Den- 
mark and North Russia. It is said to have even occurred in Iceland (Hantzsch, p. i86; 
see also Faber, quoted by Naumann). To Great Britain it is a more or less regular 
visitor, especially to the eastern counties of England. Howard Saunders records over 
twenty in Norfolk, but this by no means represents the number that have been taken in 
that county. A few have occurred in Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Yorks, and Notts, and one 
in Northumberland and Lancashire. It has also been taken in Dorset, Devon, and Corn- 
wall (Truro Museum), and has once been observed in Radnor. Other notices of its capture 
are given from Yorks, Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, Cornwall, and Montgomery {British Birds, 
vol. ii. p. 57), and more recent captures in Sussex and Brecon are added in the same pub- 
lication (vol. ii. p. 377). In Scotland it is rare, having occurred twice in the Tay area and 
once or twice in the Forth district (W. Evans). The bird has been recorded on seven occa- 
sions in Ireland — once from Dublin, once in Antrim, March 1871 ; twice in Westmeath, 
January 21, 1893, January 18, 1897; twice from the East Coast, 1879; and once from the 
North of Ireland, November 27, 1897 (Ussher). Hardly a winter passes without some of 
these ducks being exposed for sale in the London markets, and certainly some of these are 
killed in the eastern counties ; in fact the bird may be considered of such regular occur- 
rence here that its appearance is regarded as too common to be recorded. 
In winter the Ferruginous Duck occurs in S. Sardinia (Ibis, 1893, p. 344; see also 
Bononi's list). 
Asia. — A regular visitor to Asia Minor (/. F, O., 1908, p. 621), whilst in Palestine 
it is one of the commonest ducks (H. B. Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 328). Occurs in Cyprus 
(J. K. Bucknill, Ibis, 1910, p. 402), Persia (Blanford, p. 302), Quetta {Ibis, 1909, p. 283), 
S. Caspian and Turkestan (/. F. O., 19 10, p. 72 ; Blanford, p. 302), Afghanistan {Ibis, 
1882, p. 125). In India it is extremely common in winter over the whole of the northern 
portion (Stuart Baker, Indian Ducks, p. 228), but less so in the east of longitude 9°. 
Farther south it is much rarer. It occurs on passage in Nepal {Stray Feathers, viii. 
p. 363). Stuart Baker states that it is found in considerable numbers in Assam, Manipur, 
Cachar, Sylhet, Chittagong, and Southern Burmah ; but Oates {Birds of Burma, p. 288) 
regards it as rare in the last-named country. 
Seebohm and Salvadori say that it ranges east to the Ob valley, but at present its 
limits in Southern Siberia are little known. 
It is said to have occurred in the West Indies (Jamaica). 
Africa. — Some birds winter from Morocco to Tunisia as well as breed there (Whit- 
aker, Birds of Tunisia), though Col. Irby (7^/5, 1898, p. 609; Birds of the Str. of Gib., 
2nd ed. p. 227) states that they leave S. Morocco in winter for the south. It is possible 
they move south as far as Lake Chad. A few certainly remain in Algeria throughout the 
winter, for I have seen specimens in the market at Oran. It occurs in the Canaries (Bolle, 
f. F. O., 1857, p. 348). Common in winter throughout Egypt (Shelley, &c.), and goes 
north to Nubia (Von Henglin, (9. N.-O. Afric, p. 344). 
Habits. — Standing, open expanses of fresh water of much the same character as 
