Tufted Duck 53 
Asia: Siberia. — Breeds in numbers near Obdorok in the Ob, the Yana River, N. 
to 70° ; not rarely in the Kolyma in lat. 69° N. ; the river Argun in Dauria ; Lake Khanka in 
U ssuriland, and Transcaucasia (S. A. Buturlin, quoted by H, K. Dresser). R. Blasius, in 
\ht Neuer Naumaim, says : " In Transcaucasia on the Goktschas Lake, in South Siberia and 
Pamir, and in South-East Mongolia (Hanka Lake)." S. A. Buturlin in the /. F. O. for 1908, 
p. 284, gives the highest northern breeding limit in Europe and West and Central Siberia 
as 68° to 70°. Still in East Siberia it breeds up to 69° 4' 20". 
Migration Range. 
Europe. — Large numbers winter throughout Central Europe where there is open water, 
and extend their travels far to the south of the breeding range. 
In winter it is numerous on the Danube and open lakes of Silesia, Galicia, and Southern 
Germany. In Italy it is common from November to April (Arrigoni) ; scarce in Malta and 
abundant on all the lagoons of Corsica and Sardinia. Also common on the Marismas 
of the Guadalquivir, and the Laguna de la Janda in Spain (Chapman and Irby). Common 
in Greece (O. Reiser), in Portugal {Ibis, 1887, p. 377), and Macedonia (Elwes and Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 340), and throughout Turkey and the Crimea, from which I have specimens. 
Africa.— A common species in Morocco (Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 15), and in North Algeria, 
where I have seen numbers in the salt lakes between Gran and Algiers, and in the local 
markets (see also Locke, Cat. M. et Ois. Algdr, p. 143 ; Tristram, Ibis, i860, p. 81, and Salvin, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 363) ; also common in Lower Egypt (Shelley, p. 290) ; Lower and Middle 
Egypt, North- West Nubia and Adowa, Abyssinia (von Heuglin) ; the White Nile [Ibis, 1905, 
p. 385) ; South Abyssinia (Blanford, p. 437 ; Ibis, 1900, p. 325 ; 1901, p. 685 ; also Somaliland 
borders). 
Asia.—hs\^ Minor {J.F. O., 1908, p. 620; Palestine (H. B. Tristram, P.Z. S., 1864, p. 
454, &c.); Cyprus (common J. A. Bucknill, Ibis, 1910, p. 401) ; Caspian district, but chiefly 
on passage (/. F. O., 1910, p. 72) ; Blanford, p. 302, probably also in Persia. Turkestan 
(Ibis, 76, p. 420) ; Afghanistan [Ibis, 1882, p. 125) ; Kohat and Kurram Valleys, Seistan, Persia, 
Quetta, &c. (Ibis, 1909, p. 283); North- West and Central India (Hume and Blanford, 
Stuart Baker, &c.) ; Mesopotamia and Aden [B. M. Cat. Birds., xxvii. p. 367). 
Of its distribution in India Hume gives very full details. He says it is thinly distributed 
in the Punjab and the Doab, rare in the Himalayas, more common in Rohilkand and Oudh, 
and less so in the Central Provinces and Brundelkund ; abundant in Sind and Kutch, and 
fairly common in Kathiawar, Gujerat, Khandesh, and the Deccan ; scarce in Bengal, and has 
occurred in Manipur. He has no information of its occurrence east of Brahmapootra, 
whether in Assam, Kachar, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong, or British Burmah, but recently 
it has been noted as a regular visitor to Burmah in the cold weather (Dry Zone— South 
Shan States, Bhamo, and Upper Chindwin) (Major Harington, Birds of Burma). 
It is numerous in Chota Nagpur, and occurs in Southern Konkan ; visits Mysore, which 
seems to be its southern limit. Later observers have noted it as of regular occurrence in 
Cashmir, Assam, Cuchar, Sylhet, and Chittagong (Stuart Baker, p. 241). 
China.— ¥ooc\iow and Swatow (Ibis, 1892, p. 492); Fokien (/. F. O., 1910, p. 479); 
Chinese and Formosan coasts {P. Z. S., 1871, p. 419); Lower Yangtse (Ibis, 1891, pp. 318,' 
497) ; Amoy (Ibis, 1867, p. 399) ; Formosa (Ibis, 1863, p. 449). 
Corea. — Ibis, 1892, p. 245. 
