Scaup Duck 69 
occasionally migrate south and west from Alaska and meet the Asiatic birds on the coasts of 
China and Japan, the suggestion is a good one. 
North America.— T\iQ American form of the Scaup differs very slightly from the 
European bird, and the general tendency amongst writers is to unite the two. It breeds 
in the interior of Labrador, Lake Winnipegosis (Manitoba), Alaska, British Columbia (east 
of the coast range), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon delta, and Magdalen Isles in the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence (Macoun, Cat. of Canadian Birds, 2nd ed., i. p. 94). It also breeds in 
Dakota and probably throughout the greater part of the Arctic prairies from Labrador to 
Alaska. 
Migration Range. 
Europe: British Isles. ~Oxi migration Scaup seem to arrive first in the Orkneys and 
Shetlands. I have often seen parties of young birds early in September, and have shot 
them in the last week in August on Loch Stenness (Orkney), though these may have been 
home-bred birds. Late in September the number slowly increase in these islands, but 
few are seen on the east coast of Scotland until the middle of October, after which date the 
parties form in large packs in suitable places. Scaup are abundant on the east coast of 
Scotland in the winter months, especially in the estuaries of the Little Ferry, Dornoch 
Firth, Moray Firth, the Aberdeenshire coast, and in suitable places all the way to the 
estuaries of the Tay and the Eden. South of St. Andrews Bay they are not common, and 
I have only seen small numbers about Leith, Musselburgh, and North Berwick. 
On the west coast of Scotland they are far less common, and although regular visitors 
to Mull, lona (Graham), and the west side of all the islands in the Sound of Harris, they 
are nowhere to be seen in large numbers. A good many frequent the estuary of the Clyde 
and coasts of the south-western counties of Scotland. 
In England it is abundant on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham, especially 
in hard winters, and also very numerous on the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coasts. Coming 
further south it becomes scarcer owing to the absence of suitable feeding grounds, though 
it is fairly common on the Norfolk coast, and even in a few places on the south coast of 
England it occurs in small numbers. On the west coast of England it is a regular visitor, 
whilst in Wales it is fairly common about Barmouth and a few winter in the Dovey 
estuary, common on the Dee estuary, numerous off the Point of Air, and occasional on many 
other spots (H. E. Forrest, The Fauna of N. Wales, p. 289). On the west coast of 
Lancashire and Cumberland it again becomes more numerous. 
Generally speaking the Scaup is common in winter on the north and west coasts of 
Ireland, and scarce on the south except in severe seasons. It is very abundant on Belfast 
Lough and Lough Swilly. Sir R. Payne Gallwey mentions the bays of Kerry, the Shannon 
estuary, the Galway coast and Dundalk Bay as favourite localities. It is only irregular on 
the east coast, though I have seen some numbers in Dublin Bay, at the mouth of the Liffey, 
and on the coast about Balbriggan. 
In winter it ranges to the Mediterranean (scarce in west) ; also Black and Caspian Seas. 
Records : Gibraltar Bay (Irby, p. 229) ; Corsica (J. Whitehead, Ibis, p. 85) ; Italy (especially 
Venetia and Lake Card a) ; Sardinia, Sicily, and Malta (Arrigoni, Manuale, p. 745); 
Herzegovina {Orn. fahrb., 1895, p. 259); very doubtful whether it has occurred in Greece 
(Reiser, Orns. Balcanica, III.); Macedonia (Elwes and Buckley, Ibis, 1870, 340); Lower 
