70 British Diving Ducks 
Egypt (Von Heuglin, Orn. N. O. Afrikas, Shelley, p. 290) ; Algeria (Locke, cf. Birds of 
Tunisia, p. 216) ; a pair said to have been seen in Abyssinia (Von Heuglin). 
Asia. — Palestine coast (H. B. Tristram, Faun, and PL Palestine, p. 117); Arabia 
Petrea (v. Heuglin, torn. cit)\ Asia Minor (/. F. O., 1908, p. 620); Caspian (Blanford, F. 
Persia, 11. p. 302), also (/. F. O., 1910, p. 479); India, rare, but has occurred in Kashmir, 
Nepal, and in the plains of N. India as well as at Bombay (Hume and Gates, vol. iv. 
p. 462); China, Chinese and Formosan coasts {P. Z. S., 1871, p. 419), Quantung coast 
{Ibis, 1904, p. 278), Foochow and Swatow {Ibis, 1892, p. 492), Fokien (/. F. O., 1910, 
p. 479), &c.; Corea {Ibis, 1892, p. 245) ; Japan (Seebohm, Birds of the fapanese Empire, 
_ p. 256), &c. ; Tsu-Shima Islands {Ibis, 1892, p. 400). The Scaup found in winter in China, 
Japan, and Corea probably belong to the sub-specific race, Nyroca marila nariloides. That 
is to say, if the reader regards those birds as different from N. marila. 
North America. — On the east coast of America the nearctic Scaup migrates south 
in October, and winters in large numbers from Maine to Florida and the West Indies and 
Mexico. On the Pacific Coast I have seen immense flights of Scaup at the mouth of 
Stikine (Alaska) in October, but most of these birds move on in November to the coast of 
British Columbia, where large numbers are always to be found between Vancouver Island 
and the mainland. It is common in winter from Vancouver south to the coast of Cali- 
fornia. It is scarce on migration in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 
Dresser states that it is rare in Greenland, but several American authors regard that 
country as one of its homes in summer. Mr. Schioler gives several instances of its occur- 
rence in Greenland, of which he kindly sends me details. In America the true Scaup is 
generally known as the Greater Broadbill, or Blue Bill, to distinguish it from the Lesser 
Scaup {Fuligula affinis, Eyton) or Lesser Broadbill, a closely allied but smaller sub-species, 
which is also abundant in the New World. H. Seebohm {Birds of the fapanese E^npire, 
p. 256, and History of British Birds, p. 579) regards all these forms of the Scaup as 
identical. 
Habits. — Whilst the foregoing species are essentially ducks of the brackish water or 
open freshwater lakes, the Scaup Duck is one that makes its home in autumn, winter, and 
early spring on saltwater estuaries or the open sea. In all respects it is a hardy species, 
capable of resisting cold and the stormy waters of the northern seas. 
They have no special love for rough places, but where frequently shot at on the coast, 
they will ride out quite a heavy sea under the shelter of some projecting headland, and 
will remain for hours on the lip of a heavy " jabble " in places that a small boat would find 
some difficulty in sailing with safety. This is particularly the case in an off-shore breeze. 
In the Tay estuary, where Scaup are very plentiful in winter, I have often seen two or 
three hundred Scaup lying off-shore in very rough weather, only awaiting the hour of 
low water, when they can swim in to the mussel-beds to dive or search ashore for their 
favourite food. In very rough weather they pack in large numbers, and one day I 
well remember, after several days' gale on the " Lucky Scaup," a mud mussel-bank on 
the Fife shore, there must have been nearly a thousand Scaup assembled on the feeding 
grounds. 
This circumpolar duck, whose breeding range extends over the whole of the Arctic 
regions of the New and the Old Worlds from 70° north latitude to 55° north latitude, move 
