86 British Diving Ducks 
Switzerland. — Said to have bred in the Cantons of Glarus and St. Gall (F. and 
Studer, Katal. der Schweiz-Vdgel^ p. 55). 
Roumania. — R. V. Dombrowski {Zeit.f. Oologie, 1904, p. 145) asserts that it breeds in 
two lakes near Cernavoda, but his statement requires confirmation. (Henke believed that 
it has bred in the Astrakan district. Ibis, 1892, p. 229.) 
Asia. — S. A. Buturlin (quoted by Dresser) says it breeds east to Kamtschatka (not in 
the tundra), but commonly in the west of the Tomsk Government in 52° 10'; also breeds 
in S. Baikalia and Saghalien. Eggs were taken by Seebohm in the Yenesei, lat. 62^°, but 
though it undoubtedly breeds in Eastern Asia, there are no actual records of its nesting, 
although birds have been obtained. 
North America. — To those who accept the American Golden-Eye as a sub-specific 
race, C. clangula americana (Bp.), it is necessary to note that it breeds from Maine to N. 
Dakota, and thence northward and westward throughout northern British Columbia and 
Alaska (A. O. U. check list). I suspect that it also breeds freely in Labrador, as I have 
seen some numbers in the autumn in Newfoundland. It has been obtained once in Green- 
land (E. Schioler^ Dansk Ornith. Forenings Tid., vol. i., 1906, p. 37) ; breeds in Maine, 
New York, Minnesota, N. Dakota, Montana, Alberta, British Columbia, Newfoundland, 
Labrador, Hudson Bay, Mackenzie Valley, Yukon, and Alaska {The Waterfowl Family, 
p. 144)- 
Migration Range. — Ranges throughout temperate Europe south to the Mediter- 
ranean and N. Africa. In the Azores it is rare {Nov. Zool., xii. p. 109), also in Southern 
Spain (Irby, p. 229); also scarce in Sardinia {Ibis, 1873, p. 344); Corsica {Rep. V. Orn. 
Congress, p. 386) ; according to Locke it is only of casual occurrence in Algeria ; Malta, 
has occurred once (E. Wright); Tunisia, scarce (Whitaker, B. of Tunisia, ii. p. 218); 
Italy, common in Venetia and rare in Calabria and Italy (Arrigoni, Man, p. 749) ; Ionian 
Isles (Lilford, Ibis, i860, p. 354) ; Greece (Reiser, Orn. Bale, iii. p. 502) ; Asia Minor 
(y. F. O.., 1908, p. 620); Cyprus, only once (Bucknill, Ibis, 1910, p. 402); Black Sea 
(Alleon, Hvistoric) ; Caspian Sea (Blanford, E. Persia, ii. p. 302, and /. F. O., 19 10, p. 72). 
Asia. — Winters in Persia from Mesopotamia to the Caspian ; India, has been noted 
in the Indus Valley, once in Oude (Blanford and Gates, iv. p. 465) ; Burma, Myingyan 
(Harington, p. 133); China, once at Foochow, scarce in Fokien, common about Shanghai 
and south to Amoy {P. Z. S., 1871 ; Ibis, 1892 ; /. F. O., 1910, &c.) ; Japan, regular visitor 
(Seebohm, B.Jap. Empire, p. 253); Corea {Ibis, 1892, p. 245, &c.). 
Has also been recorded on passage from Turkestan, the Tian-Shan, Mongolia, and 
Ossuria; Bering 1. (Commander Isles), Orn. Expl. Commander Isles, p. 163. 
America. — The American Golden-Eye winters from the Great Lakes and New Bruns- 
wick south to Cuba, and is numerous on passage in Newfoundland and along the New 
England coast. On the west side it winters in large numbers from Vancouver Island 
south to Lower California and Mexico. I have killed a few of these birds, chiefly females 
and immatures, in Newfoundland, and was unable to detect any difference between them 
and European birds. It also winters in Maine, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, Utah, Nevada, British Columbia, and the Aleutian Islands, 
wherever there is open water. 
Habits. — Throughout the summer the Golden-Eye inhabits the northern parts of the 
