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PREFACE 
single entity with numerous ties to other chap- 
ters based on the discipline point of view being 
pursued. Several key aspects of the text are 
highlighted in the following paragraphs to per- 
mit scope and content to be brought into quick 
focus. 
Animal models of acute myocardial infarction 
and cardiogenic shock have been valuable in the 
study of hemodynamics, myocardial metabolism 
and treatment of acute conditions by drugs or 
cardiac devices. However, these acute models 
do not provide opportunities to study the natural 
course of coronary atherosclerosis and its com- 
plications. The development of chronic models 
which will extend use of models to the study of 
the natural course of disease in various animal 
species and non-human primates is of prime 
importance. Various types of cardiac models 
using both closed and open chest techniques are 
discussed. 
The development and evaluation of models 
of lung diseases, which is in an early phase, 
offers a significant opportunity for better def- 
inition and understanding of both normal and 
diseased lung performance. At this stage, par- 
ticular emphasis has been placed on correlating 
clinical and physiologic aberrations with pulmo- 
nary morphology. Some of the pulmonary model 
studies have included attention to pulmonary 
hypertension, hypoxic-induced bovine pulmo- 
nary hypertension, pulmonary vascular disease 
(including medial hypoplasia of the pulmonary 
artery), acute respiratory insufficiency through 
induced fluid overload, alteration and study of 
the pulmonary micro-circulation and physiologic 
preparations utilizing perfused isolated lung. 
These studies as well as others may give insight 
into respiratory disease and function ; and lead 
to better characterization and improved treat- 
ment and prevention techniques for man. 
In the area of surgery and transplantation 
significant strides have been made in techniques 
involving anesthesia, ventilation, anti-arrhyth- 
mic regimes, implantation and post-operative 
techniques for many animal species. The in- 
formation covered points up both the similari- 
ties and unique charcteristics of various animal 
species; e.g., dog, cat, pig, sheep, and non- 
human primates. 
In animal research, the individual — and 
sometimes unique — features of each species 
must be taken into consideration. Four kinds 
of hemostatic mechanisms operate in animal 
species; blood coagulation, vaso-constriction, 
platelet agglutination, and the cross-linking 
reaction which occurs by means of the enzyme 
called plasmatransglutaminase. It should be 
noted that certain animals have only one of 
these mechanisms, and in case the mechanism 
fails, survival is not assured by any other com- 
pensatory mechanism. In many species, all four 
mechanisms operate and, although one may 
function abnormally, hemostasis may still be 
achieved. All four mechanisms function in man, 
hence, man has some degree of freedom regard- 
ing hemostasis. However, this increased free- 
dom is associated with a greater probability of 
complications from thrombosis, a factor in 
finding suitable blood-compatible materials. It 
should also be noted that the study of blood 
groups in animals, despite their complexity, has 
yielded practical as well as theoretical results of 
immense value to the field. Further, animal 
colonies with both normal and abnormal blood 
systems provide significant opportunities to 
study and explore thrombosis and hemostasis. 
The increased attention to prosthetic devices 
and biomedical instrumentation for monitoring 
has led to significant progress in defining and 
better understanding animal hemodynamics and 
extrapolating it to man. The information dis- 
cussed deals with cardiovascular function in 
ponies, chimpanzees, horses, calves, and dogs. 
Although some of these species have not been 
studied as extensively as the dog, their specific 
physiological, pathological, genetic, and other 
characteristics make them appropriate for spe- 
cific types of research models. 
The role of laboratory animals in pharma- 
cological studies with potential application to 
man has had a long history, and has raised many 
questions. In brief, when utilizing laboratory 
animals and extrapolating the data collected to 
man, one must have reasonable assurance that 
the drugs are handled and utilized in the species 
under study as they would be in man ; otherwise, 
serious questions may arise concerning the ap- 
plicability of the animal studies. For example, 
where there are marked differences in the tech- 
niques of handling the drugs in one or in several 
