PREFACE 
"Man, unlike any other thing, organic or inor- 
ganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, 
walks up the stairs of his concepts, emerges 
ahead of his accomplishments." 
John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath 
In medicine, animal research is a critical path 
to accomplishment that permits us to grow 
beyond our current limitations and leads us to 
greater heights of knowledge and understanding 
of human health and disease. 
Biological research is entering a new era in 
support of clinical medicine through greatly 
improved instrumentation and participation 
from the physical sciences. Along with this in- 
creased capacity for performance, there is an 
increased potential for well-defined and con- 
trolled animal experiments that focus on clinical 
problems. Critical emphasis must be placed on 
animal experiments, and these must involve the 
proper use and care of the laboratory animal. 
Advances in treatment and prevention of human 
disease are deeply rooted in animal research, 
which has provided a rich background of knowl- 
edge and insight. The developments of drugs 
and devices, as well as in techniques of applica- 
tion, are inseparably tied to in vivo studies. The 
results of these eiforts are clearly reflected in 
those now living normal lives despite past dev- 
astating illness. 
This book provides an additional step toward 
a better understanding of the role of animal 
research in medicine. It describes over 100 scien- 
tific investigations, the work of over 250 indi- 
vidual scientists in a variety of fields and 
includes the highly informative discussion en- 
gendered by the presentation of these investi- 
gations to the more than 1000 participants at 
the National Conference on Research Animals 
and Medicine, sponsored by the National Heart 
and Lung Institute in Washington, D.C. January 
28-30, 1972. 
The principal objectives are to: (1) review 
animal models simulating various cardiac, pul- 
monary, and systemic diseases; (2) identify 
pertinent physiological and biological data con- 
cerning the use of large animal species (e.g., 
dog, calf, sheep, minipig and primate) in med- 
ical research; (3) identify test-animal require- 
ments for cardiopulmonary research and de- 
velopment, such as the testing and evaluation 
of circulatory or respiratory assist devices 
and techniques; (4) review current surgical 
techniques in animals (especially cardiovascular 
surgery and organ transplantation), including 
pre-operative care and preparation, techniques 
of anesthesia, and immediate and chronic post- 
operative care; (5) review some aspects of the 
pharmacology of anesthetics, cardiac drugs, and 
other agents in mammals (particularly rumi- 
nants and carnivores) as well as the genetic 
and biologic effects of irradiation on large 
animals; (6) identify preventive and manage- 
ment techniques for coping with common dis- 
ease problems of research animals; (7) review 
equipment and techniques for monitoring res- 
piratory and cardiac functions, circulatory 
dynamics, and other physiological alterations 
in animals, and to compare the data thus ob- 
tained with clinical data; and (8) provide a 
brief overview of guidelines and welfare re- 
quirements for care of research animals. 
Scientific material addressed to these ob- 
jectives is presented in 14 chapters. The first 
provides an overview of the role of animal 
research in clinical medicine; chapters II and 
III describe animal models of cardiac and pulmo- 
nary diseases, respectively, and chapter IV the 
use of animal models in surgery and transplan- 
tation. The next five chapters (V-X) describe 
contributions of fundamental disciplines (hema- 
tology, hemodynamics, physiology, pharmacol- 
ogy, anatomy and pathology, and nuclear med- 
icine and genetics) to animal research. Animal 
diseases and animal resources are discussed in 
chapters XI and XII, respectively; monitoring 
techniques in chapter XIII. The final chapter is 
addressed to physical and ethical problems of 
animal care. Each chapter is more or less a 
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