318 
SURGERY AND TRANSPLANTATION 
number of procedures relating to hepatic and 
biliary tract function. 
There is a surprising absence of surgical pro- 
cedures relating to heart and lung studies de- 
spite the past demonstrations that primates 
are excellent subjects for lung transplanta- 
tion, studies of atherosclerosis '^^ and telemetry 
of free ranging animals. ^'^ We believe this to be 
a function of utilization patterns established 
in past years when the major thrust came from 
groups interested in immunology, reproduction 
and infectious disease. The value of allografting 
and xenografting of hearts in primates is clearly 
enhanced by the extensive knowledge of ABO 
blood groups of rhesus and other old world 
monkeys, baboons and chimpanzees which has 
been compiled by Moor-Jankowski and Wiener.^^ 
This information is not available for mongrel 
dogs. It should be emphasized that analogs and 
homologs of human blood groups have been 
identified in primates documenting their phylo- 
genetic closeness to the human. This has enabled 
us to exchange transfuse animals with blood 
from different species for the purpose of cross- 
circulation and to study the immunologic con- 
sequences of this type of xenografting.^^ 
In the 200 operations described, there have 
been four deaths. The gibbon developed tracheal 
collapse following excision of a malignant thy- 
roid tumor and died during the first postopera- 
tive night. A baboon, which had an experimental 
biliary fistula draining via a T-tube and was 
trained to live in a chair for prolonged speci- 
men collection, died ten days postoperatively 
of fluid and electrolyte depletion and wound 
infection. Two animals died following caesarian 
section — a baboon following eight hours of 
anesthesia during which isotope studies of 
mother and fetus were performed, the other, a 
macaque, following an emergency section for 
failure to deliver spontaneously. 
Table II summarizes some information on spe- 
cies presently available and most commonly 
used for experimentation. Nolan has described 
present day methods and problems in harvest- 
ing, importing and distributing primate animals 
and the price list published by his firm* is the 
source of much valuable information. 
• Primate Impoi-ts Corporation. 34 Munson Street, Port Washing- 
ton, New York. 
The abbreviation MQT in Table II refers to 
Minimum Quarantine Time. This varies among 
species and was established more or less arbi- 
trarily in relation to the animals' susceptibility 
to tuberculosis. 
Prices are quoted only in broad general 
terms because they vary with availability and 
size of the animals. All prices are F.O.B. New 
York, and will undoubtedly rise 10-25% dur- 
ing the next year. 
Our laboratory (LEMSIP) has very little 
experience with New World monkeys (Table 
II). We have obtained testicular biopsies from 
squirrel monkeys for phylogenetic studies of 
spermatogenesis and we have kept a small 
group of capuchin monkeys being used for stud- 
ies of genital herpes virus susceptibility. Mar- 
mosets are a special group of very small pri- 
mates which have been very useful in studies of 
transplantation because of their unique produc- 
tion of fraternal twins in S0% of pregnancies. 
Husbandry has been a difficult problem, but 
Gengozian^i and Deinhardt^- have succeeded in 
making the marmoset a practical animal for 
experiments in virology, oncology, and trans- 
plantation. 
The Asian monkeys (Table II) grouped in 
genus Macaca have been the most widely used 
because they are plentiful, inexpensive and 
readily available. The stumptail (M. speciosa) 
and pigtail (M. nemestrina) have recently been 
advocated to be good substitutes for the rhesus 
(M. mulatta) which is by far the most widely 
used primate. The rhesus monkey is character- 
istically very aggressive and carries the "mon- 
key B virus" which is highly lethal for humans. 
For these reasons one must be careful to avoid 
direct skin contact, bites and scratches. The 
supply of macaques is still plentiful, and these 
monkeys will undoubtedly remain useful espe- 
cially for experiments in reproductive physiol- 
ogy, surgical ablation of brain tissue, organ 
transplantation, etc. We have advised newcom- 
ers to the use of primate animals to consider 
the advantages and disadvantages carefully be- 
fore choosing macaques as experimental ani- 
mals, having found in our own work that ba- 
boons are often a better choice. 
The African monkeys (Table II) are increas- 
ingly challenging the macaques for wide useful- 
