486 
HEMATOLOGY 
Table IV. — Human-Type A-B-0 Blood Groups of Old 
World Monkeys (Catarrhina) 
Blood group distribution 
Species animals tested 
O A B AB Totals 
Baboon 
Papio cynocephalus 0 18 20 22 60 
Papio anubis 0 53 56 65 174 
Papio ursinus, South Africa...... 0 4 59 26 89 
Papio papio, Senegal 2 27 93 66 188 
Papio (species undetermined).. 1 42 66 65 173 
Drills 
Mandrillus leucophaeus 0 4 0 0 4 
Geladas 
Theropithecus gelada 18 0 0 0 18 
Celebes black apes 
Cynopithecus niger 1(?) 23 2 0 26 
Patas monkeys 
Erythrocebus patas 0 26 0 0 26 
Vervet monkeys 
Cercopithecus pygerythrus 0 7 10 8 
Macaques 
Macaca mulatta 0 0 46 0 46 
Macaca fascicularis 1 23 19 19 62 
Macaca nemestrina 3 0 7(?) 0 10 
Macaca speciosa 0 0 4 0 4 
transfusion as in human erythroblastotic babies. 
Availability of our antisera made possible dif- 
ferential agglutination tests to determine the 
degree of blood exchange, which was shown to 
be virtually complete, thus ensuring the safety 
of the cross-circulation procedure. 
(3) The information provided by our work 
during the last decade has resulted in the in- 
creased use of primate animals in experimental 
surgery requiring blood transfusion and prim- 
ing of the heart-lung machine. Moreover, the 
large number of experiments using apes and 
monkeys as models for organ transplantation, 
and the simian-to-man transplantation studies 
became possible only after the blood groups of 
these animals were determined in our investi- 
gations. 
SUMMARY 
Table V. — Human-Type A-B-0 Blood Groups of New 
World Monkeys (Platyrrhina) 
Species 
Blood group distribution 
in the animals tested 
Spider monkeys 
Ateles marginatus 
Ateles paniscus 
Ateles ater 
Ateles cucuUatus _.. 
Capuchin monkeys 
Cebus albifrons 
Squirrel monkeys 
Saimiri sciurea 
Marmosets 
Various species 
0 
A 
B 
AB 
Totals 
0 
3 
0 
0 
3 
0 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 
6 
0 
0 
6 
1 
0 
4 
0 
5 
1 
0 
3 
0 
4 
1 
3 
0 
0 
4 
0 
31 
0 
0 
31 
Table VI. — Comparison of the M-N Blood Groups in 
Man and Apes Arranged in Order of Similarity to 
Man 
Species 
Blood groups 
present 
Man 
Gibbon 
Dwarf chimpanzee 
Chimpanzee 
Gorilla 
M, N, MN 
M, N, MN 
M, MN 
N, MN 
Racial differences in distribution 
Racial differences in distribution 
Orangutan M 
human blood, were exsanguinated under hypo- 
thermia while on cardiopulmonary bypass. On 
the basis of our experience with blood grouping 
of baboons and the knowledge of their immuno- 
logical reactions, a much simpler procedure was 
devised by Goldsmith who prepared the ani- 
mals for cross-circulation by simple exchange 
New testing methods have been developed and 
a large amount of information has been accumu- 
lated during the last decade of study, together 
with Alexander S. Wiener, on blood groups in 
apes and monkeys. A new concept has been 
established of human-type and simian-type blood 
groups in primates, including man. 
Human-type blood groups, homologues of 
those of man, are determined with reagents 
originally prepared for testing human blood. 
Reliable tests can be made for the human sys- 
tems A-B-0 and H, M-N, Rh-Hr, I-i and Lewis 
in apes and in Old World monkeys ( Catarrhina) . 
The New World monkeys (Platyrrhina) appear 
immunologically too distant from man to permit 
reliable tests for human blood types. 
Simian-type blood groups, analogues of those 
of man, are determined with reagents produced 
by immunization with red cells of apes and 
monkeys. 
At present chimpanzee is among the animal 
species whose blood groups are best known. The 
investigations on gibbons, baboons and rhesus 
are progressing rapidly. 
We have limited our simian-type blood group 
studies to apes and Old World monkeys. How- 
ever, Gengozian is presently determining the 
simian types of marmosets. 
Our methods of testing for human-type and 
simian-type blood groups are the same as used 
