584 
HEMODYNAMICS 
STUDY 1 
The purpose was to determine the changes 
in blood and cerebrospinal fluid protein com- 
ponents which occurred as a result of cardio- 
pulmonary bypass procedures in calves.'* Calves 
were selected because of their convenient size 
for cardiovascular surgical research, their 
availability, and because sterile blood in 4,000 
cc amounts for pump-oxygenator procedures 
could readily be obtained from individual, preg- 
nant cows at a local dairy. 
Methods, Study 1 
Nineteen, approximately 3 month old calves 
were subjected to 4 hours of complete cardio- 
pulmonary bypass circulation at 37°C. A stand- 
ard twenty-five inch disc oxygenator, a roller 
pump, and a heat exchanger were used. For 
each procedure, the pump-oxygenator system 
was primed with a one-third hemodilution mix- 
ture. This consisted of 1250 cc of five percent 
dextrose in one-half normal saline, 360 cc of 
1.4 percent sodium bicarbonate, thirty cc of 
ten percent calcium chloride, 36,000 units of 
heparin, and 2,000 cc of cross matched blood. 
For each calf, 4,000 cc of blood had been drawn, 
with sterile technique, from a single donor cow, 
into standard ACD bottles 24 to 48 hours prior 
to operation. An additional liter of balanced 
electrolyte solution or blood was added to the 
oxygenator during the procedure. Cardiopul- 
monary bypass, with the pulmonary artery 
clamped, was maintained at 2.1 L./min. per 
square meter of body surface area for 4 hours. 
Venous blood was taken from the right atrium 
and from the pulmonary artery proximal to 
the clamp. Arterial blood was returned to the 
aorta. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples 
were obtained from the animals before surgery, 
and after bypass at 2 hours, 48 hours, and 3-11 
weeks. At these times, blood was collected from 
19, 10, 6, and 4 animals, and cerebrospinal fluid 
from 16, 9, 5, and 2 animals, respectively. 
Electrophoresis of serum and cerebrospinal 
fluid protein was performed using the Beck- 
man Microzone System. The protein fraction 
percentages were determined densitometrically. 
Total serum protein was measured using the 
method described by Weichselbaum.^ Cerebro- 
spinal fluid total protein was determined by the 
procedure of Henry. ^ For evaluation of the 
electrophoretic patterns, control bovine serum 
and cerebrospinal fluid were not available. For 
cerebrospinal fluid, the scanned pattern of a 
human control sample was used as a guide. 
Results, Study 1 
The serum and cerebrospinal fluid values be- 
fore and after operation are shown in Tables I 
and II. Data obtained from paired specimens are 
shown in Tables III and IV. Two hours after 
operation, serum total protein and the albumin 
and alpha globulin percentages had decreased 
while gamma globulin increased (p < 0.02). 
Beta globulin remained the same. During the 
same time, cerebrospinal fluid albumin in- 
creased and alphai globulin decreased (p < 
0.05). 
STUDY 2 
The purpose was to determine the behavior 
of isolated protein fractions in a disc oxygena- 
tor.'^ Gamma globulin and albumin were chosen 
because gamma globulin is easily denatured and 
albumin is often used as a stabilizer in protein 
solutions. 
Table I. — Serum Proteins of Calves Measured Before and After Total Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circulation of 
U Hours Duration with One-Third Hemodilution Prime 
After cardiopulmonary bypass 
Before ; 
Operation 2 hours 48 hours 3-11 weeks 
Total Protein (gm/100 ml) 6.6 ± 0.5 5.3 ± 0.8 5.4 ± 0.3 8.1 ± 0.6 
Albumin, percent .._ 50.2 ±: 4.5 47.4 ± 3.2 46.2 ± 6.0 27.2 ± 5.0 
Alpha-globulin _. 15.4 ± 1.8 13.7 ± 1.0 19.7 ± 8.5 18.3 ± 1.0 
Beta-elobulin.-... _ _ 14.3 ± 2.2 15.5 ± 4.5 11.2 ± 3.4 16.3 ± 3.3 
Gamma-globulin 20.1 ± 5.6 23.4 ± 4.6 21.7 ± 6.4 38.2 ± 2.7 
Number of Animals 19 10 6 4 
Protein fractions determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and expressed as a percent of the total protein. Values expressed 
mean ± standard deviation. 
