D. B. HACKEL, J. CHANG, N. B. RATLIFF AND E. MIKAT 
815 
Table 1. — Summary of Lesions of Hearts 
of Animals in Hemorrhagic Shock 
Animal Zonal lesions* SEH* 
Rabbits 1/6 0/6 
Cats . - . 4/5 5/5 
Pigs - 5/5 5/5 
Squirrel monkeys . 0/3 1/3 
Rhesus monkeys 0/3 2/3 
SEH = Subendocardial hemorrhage. 
♦Ratio of number of animals with the lesion to the number of 
animals examined. 
tissue oxygen supply, there was no decrease in 
the severity of zonal lesions, although subendo- 
cardial hemorrhage and necrosis were almost 
completely eliminated. ^° 
Most of the above studies were carried out 
in dogs. We have recently, however, made ob- 
servations on the myocardial lesions seen in 
several other species subjected to a hemorrhagic 
shock regime 1* (Table 1). Zonal lesions were 
seen in rabbits, cats, and pigs; and they have 
previously been recorded in man.^^ However, 
they were not seen in either squirrel monkeys 
or rhesus monkeys. Subendocardial hemorrhage 
was not seen in 6 out of 6 rabbits subjected to 
hemorrhagic shock, but was present in all cats 
and pigs, and in 3 out of 6 monkeys following 
hemorrhagic shock. The reasons for these ap- 
parent species differences are not known, but it 
would be of interest to seek an explanation by 
comparing the hemodynamic changes in shock 
in the different groups. 
SUMMARY 
The effects of experimental hemorrhagic 
shock on the hearts of dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, 
rhesus monkey and squirrel monkeys were 
studied. Subendocardial hemorrhage and necro- 
sis are seen in all animals studied except rab- 
i bits. "Zonal" lesions are observed in dogs, cats, 
pigs, and rabbits, but not in rhesus or squirrel 
monkeys. 
REFERENCES 
1. ZwEiPACH, B. W. : Annotated bibliography on shock. 
Publics. 1182 and 1358 of the National Academy of 
Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, 
D. C, 1963 and 1966. 
2. Hardaway, R. M. : Clinical management of shock. 
Ch. C. Thomas, publ., Springfield, 111., 1968. 
3. Hackel, D. B., and Catchpole, B. N.: Pathologic 
and electrocardiographic eflfects of hemorrhagic 
shock in dogs treated with 1-norepinephrine. Lab. 
Invest., 7:358-368, 1958. 
4. HiNSHAW, L. B.: Comparative effects of endotoxin 
on canine and primate intestine. J. Surg. Res., 
8:535-538, 1968. 
5. Abel, F. L., Waldhausen, J. A., and Selkurt, E. 
E. : Splanchnic blood flow in the monkey during 
hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol., 208:265-269, 
1965. 
6. Crovi^ll, J. W., and Guyton, A. C: Further evi- 
dence favoring a cardiac mechanism in irreversible 
hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol., 203:248-252, 
1962. 
7. Hackel, D. B., and Goodale, W. T.: Effects of 
hemorrhagic shock on the heart and circulation of 
intact dogs. Circ, 11:628-634, 1955. 
8. Entman, M. L., Hackel, D. B., Martin, A. M., 
MiKAT, E., and Chang, J.: Prevention of myo- 
cardial lesions during hemorrhagic shock in dogs by 
pronethalol. Arch. Path., 83:392-395, 1967. 
9. Hackel, D. B., Martin, A. M., Spach, M. S., and 
SiEKER, H. D. : Hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Relation 
of hemodynamic and metabolic changes to myo- 
cardial lesions. Arch. Path., 77:575-581, 1964. 
10. Ratliff, N. B., Hackel, D. B., and Mikat, E.: The 
effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the myocardial 
lesions of hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Am. J. Path., 
51:341-349, 1967. 
11. Martin, A. M., and Hackel, D. B.: The myo- 
cardium of the dog in hemorrhagic shock. Lab. 
Invest., 12:77-91, 1963. 
12. Martin, A. M., Hackel, D. B., and Kurtz, S. M.: 
The ultrastructure of zonal lesions of the myocar- 
dium in hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Path., 44:127- 
140, 1964. 
13. Martin, A. M., and Hackel, D. B.: An electron 
microscopic study of the progression of myocardial 
lesions in the dog after hemorrhagic shock. Lab. 
Invest., 15:243-260, 1966. 
14. Chang, J., and Hackel, D. B. : Comparative study 
of the myocardial lesions in hemorrhagic shock. In 
preparation. 
15. Martin, A. M., Green, W. B., Simmons, R. L., and 
SOLOWAY, H. B. : Human myocardial zonal lesions. 
Arch. Path., 87:339-342, 1969. 
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES ON EFFECTS 
OF SHOCK ON THE HEART 
16. Gomez, 0. A., and Hamilton, W. F.: Functional 
cardiac deterioration during development of hemor- 
rhagic circulatory deficiency. Circ. Research, 14: 
327-336, 1964. 
17. Rothe, C. F., and Selkurt, E. W.: Cardiac and 
peripheral failure in hemorrhagic shock in the dog. 
Am. J. Physiol., 207:203-214, 1964. 
