830 
ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY 
fices. Two thousand animals were examined 
postmortem, to the extent at least that organs 
were weighed and histological sections exam- 
ined. Most of the remainder were inspected 
grossly by a pathologist and judged free of any 
obvious disease which was unrelated to the 
experiment which called for sacrifice. We have 
paid particular attention to those animals which 
died or were sacrificed for spontaneous disease, 
which died in quarantine, and which were born 
and raised here. 
In America most serious human diseases, ex- 
cluding accidents, occur early in life, or in late 
middle and old age. The age distribution of 
animals which have come to autopsy must there- 
fore be taken into account in a survey for mod- 
els. The lifespan of monkeys is not known with 
certainty. Most Old World species probably can 
live to 40 years or more; the span for New 
World species is believed to be less. 
For animals born at the Oregon Center, the 
ages at autopsy, which included histologic ex- 
amination of the heart and lungs, are given by 
species in Table I. The preponderance of infants 
reflects the many sacrifices for programs in 
fetal and neonatal physiology. Our own captive- 
born animals which are not used in these pro- 
grams are considered especially valuable. They 
are still young and few have come to autopsy. 
For imported, wild-born animals, time in resi- 
dence is similarly shown in Table II. Many of 
these monkeys are either used in terminal ex- 
periments rather soon after arrival, or put in 
long-term projects, such as the breeding colony. 
Their true ages are of course not known, but 
most animals which survive the rigors of cap- 
ture and importation appear young. Therefore 
even those animals which have been examined 
2-8 years after arrival are probably not aging. 
In summary we have for rhesus monkeys a 
good sample of material from the very young, 
a little from youth and early adulthood, and al- 
most nothing from middle and old age. This 
should be kept in mind in the following survey. 
Instead of the usual procedure of describing 
interesting postmortem findings in monkeys and 
relating them to a human condition, however 
common or clinically important it may be, I 
have reviewed our files for results, positive or 
negative, which can be grouped under a selected 
list of human cardiopulmonary diseases which 
are frequent clinical problems about which we 
wish we knew much more. The list is short and 
not intended to be exhaustive. 
Pulmonary arteriosclerosis 
Members of the genus Macaca, from South- 
east Asia, are commonly infected with the mite 
Pneumonyssus simicola, which lives in the lu- 
mens of bronchi. The life cycle and means of 
transmission are not known. Adult imported 
animals are most heavily infested, but we have 
found the organisms in the lungs of young cap- 
tive-born Macaca mulatta monkeys which have 
lived in groups with older animals.^ 
Characteristically a focus of bronchiectasis is 
present at infected sites; the bronchial smooth 
Table I. — Heart/ Lung Examinations, 
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 
Macaca fascictilaris 8 2 0 0 
Macaca niger 8 2 2 0 
Macaca fuscata 3 0 0 0 
Macaca nemestrina 10 5 2 1 
Macaca mulatta 283 45 12 8 
Ave-born Primates, Age in years at autopsy 
4-5 
5-6 
6-7 
7-8 
8-9 
9-10 
10 
Total 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
5 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
13 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
20 
3 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
354 
Table II. — Heart/ Lung Examinations, Imported Primates, Years in residence at autopsy 
0-1 
1-2 
2-3 
3-4 
4-5 
5-6 
6-7 
7-8 
8-9 
9-10 
10 
Total 
Alouatta caraya 
12 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
14 
Saimiri sciurea - 
101 
17 
12 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
130 
Macaca fascicularis 
13 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
13 
Macaca niger 
11 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
0 
13 
Macaca speciosa 
3 
2 
3 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
10 
Macaca fuscata 
3 
2 
3 
2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
11 
Macaca nemestrina 
12 
5 
4 
6 
4 
0 
3 
0 
0 
1 
0 
35 
Macaca mulatta 
185 
47 
, 66 
41 
22 
20 
16 
10 
5 
0 
1 
413 
