834 
ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY 
single questionable alveolar cell carcinoma^ in 
a wild-shot howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) 
(Fig. 9), we have seen no primary pulmonary 
neoplasms. One case of widespread metastatic 
malignancy of the lungs in a pregnant rhesus 
monkey was examined (Fig. 10) ; the presump- 
tive source was a choriocarcinoma, but a pri- 
mary lesion in the uterus was not found. 
Infectious disease 
Bacterial pneumonias have accounted for 
most acute pulmonary disease. Cases occur 
chiefly during initial quarantine, with mortality 
sometimes reaching 10% in winter months, or 
as complications of surgery or unrelated dis- 
eases. Our animals are all "conditioned" in an 
importer's facility for 2 to 8 months before 
delivery to the Primate Center. Hence we do 
not see the viral pneumonias, especially measles, 
which are said to be frequent in newly imported 
animals. The agents commonly isolated from 
pneumonias are enteric organisms: Friedland- 
er's bacilli, Proteus species, and E. coli. Coccal 
pneumonias are rare. In this respect monkeys 
resemble very young, or aged, or debilitated 
people, although the monkeys are often none of 
these. This may reflect a fundamental species 
difference in defenses against bacteria, or 
merely a lack of concern by the monkeys for 
FiGURK 9. — Margin of a solitary epithelial lesion (al- 
veolar cell carcinoma?) in the lung of a male howler 
monkey. PAS, 50x. 
Figure 10. — Multiple metastases (probably choriocar- 
cinoma) in the lungs of a pregnant rhesus monkey. 
sanitation (the flora of the throat in well ani- 
mals is dominantly enteric organisms). 
Bacterial pneumonias are usually focal or 
confluent focal, rather than lobar. Friedlander's 
pneumonias are prominently necrotizing and 
hemorrhagic. 
Rheumatic fever 
Nothing resembling acute rheumatic myo- 
carditis or chronic rheumatic valvulitis has 
been found. Clinical illness resembling strepto- 
coccal pharyngitis has not been seen, and beta 
hemolytic streptococcus has been isolated only 
8 times in cultures from throat, blood, lungs 
and skin lesions. The prevalence of a pharyngeal 
carrier state for beta hemolytic streptococcus 
is unknown and our laboratory has not screened 
sera for streptococcal antibodies. 
Descriptions of other valvular deformities, 
such as may occur in systemic lupus erythema- 
tosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are absent from 
