848 
ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY 
Table VI. — Taxonomic Classification and Prevalence of Arterial Lesions in Birds 
Number of Animals % of Aorta Containing Lesions 
With 
with 
Fatty 
Fibrous 
Order 
v/UiiiiiiDii iri mile 
Total 
Lesions 
Atheromc 
Steaks 
PlaQues 
Other 
Sphenisciformes 
Humboldt Penguin 
Spheniscus humboldti 
7 
6 
2 
4, 4, tr, tr, tr, tr 
4. tr. tr, 5. tr 
* 
Pelecaniformes 
Pelican 
Pelecanus occidentalis 
2 
2 
1 
tr, tr 
tr, 2 
Blue-footed boobie 
Sula variegata 
1 
1 
tr 
tr 
Casuariiformes 
Emu 
Dromiceus novahollandie 
1 
1 
12 
3 
Struthioniformes 
Ostrich 
Struthio camelus 
3 
3 
2 
65, 60, 3 
4, 3, 1 
+. + 
xvnei I urineb 
Rhea 
Xvilt^d allLKL lK,alla 
o 
0 
tr 5 20 
o, D, ID 
Cieoniiformes 
White stork 
Ciconia ciconia 
2 
2 
tr, 1 
tr, tr 
Jabiru stork 
Jabiru mycteria 
1 
1 
1 
8 
2 
Greater marabou 
Leptoptilos crumeniferus 
1 
1 
1 
3 
5 
Lesser marabou 
Leptoptilos javanicus 
1 
1 
tr 
tr 
Flamingo 
Phoenicopterus ruber 
1 
Louisiana heron 
Hydranassa tricolor 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 
Goliath heron 
Ardea goliath 
2 
2 
2 
15, tr 
1, 15 
Anseriformes 
Common duck 
10 
6 
tr, 50. 3, 1, 1, 2 
2 
Common goose 
3 
3 
1, tr, 3 
Canadian goose 
Branta canadensis 
1 
1 
4 
Red-breasted goose 
Branta ruficollis 
1 
1 
8 
I Vi 1 ^ot^ h o fT o 1 ! f> An n o 1 a 
tr 
tr 
Versicolor teal 
Anas versicolor! 
1 
1 
tr 
Chinese top-knot goose 
Anser cygnoides 
n 
2 
1 
3. tr 
tr 
Black swan 
Chenopis atrata 
1 
1 
tr 
Black-necked swan 
Cygnus melancoriphus 
1 
1 
tr 
Falconiformes 
Bald eagle 
Haliaetus leucocephalus 
1 
1 
tr 
+ 
Golden eagle 
Aquila chrysaetos 
1 
1 
5 
5 
Secretary bird 
Saggitarius serpentarius 
2 
2 
9, 5 
tr, 2 
Galliformes 
Domestic turkey 
6 
6 
3 
tr. tr, 15, 80, 10 
tr, 2, 10, 5 
Peafowl 
Pavo cristatus 
3 
3 
3 
tr, 2, 10 
15, 12, 10 
+ 
Gruiformes 
Sarus crane 
Grus antigone 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Crowned crane 
Balearica pavonina 
3 
3 
tr, 4, 4 
tr 
OU(5 Cl ct 11 Ho Ucll UIlL'LllULLIo 
\ 
\ 
tr 
Psittaciformes 
Scarlet macaw 
Ara macao 
1 
2 
Yellow-headed parrot 
Amazona ochrocephala 
2 
1. tr 
Coraciiformes 
Ground Hornbill 
Bucorvus abyssinicus 
1 
tr 
tr 
Strigiformes 
Snowy owl 
Nyctea scandiaca 
1 
1 
Piciformes 
Toucan 
Ramphastos ambiguus 
1 
tr 
+ 
TOTALS 
72 
65 
17 
62 
42 
6 
% 
90% 
24% 
86% 
58% 
8% 
• = Fungal lesion 
-f- = Medial degeneration and/or calcification 
tr = Trace 
mals and birds included in the study were not 
systematically examined. 
Cerebral Artery Lesions 
The arteries of the Circle of Willis were ex- 
amined systematically in the brains of 80 non- 
human primates. In the large brains, the circle 
was removed and the vessels opened longitudi- 
nally. In the great majority of brains which 
were too small to be examined by this method, 
the arteries were inspected unopened using a 
dissecting microscope or a hand lens. It is possi- 
ble that very small intimal thickenings were 
overlooked by the latter method. However, it is 
doubtful that any lesion of significant size es- 
caped detection, since most of these arteries 
were virtually transparent. Lesions were found 
in 2 of the 80 animals, a 3-year old male 
and a 9-year old female chimpanzee (Fan 
troglodytes). Lipid rich plaques were present at 
the origin of the basilar and intracranial inter- 
nal carotid arteries. These plaques contained 
many foam cells and occupied up to 50% of the 
luminal diameter. A hypocellular, lipid rich 
area with focal calcification characteristic of 
atherosclerosis was seen in the center of a le- 
sion in the intracranial internal carotid artery 
of the older animal (Figure 14). There was no 
evidence of infarction of the brain in either ani- 
mal. 
