56 
Pliny's natueal histoet. [Book XI, 
that are derived the surnames of Simus" and Silo." 
Children born in the seventh month often have the ears and 
the nostrils imperforate. 
CHAPc 60. — THE mouth; the lips; the chin; and the 
JAW-BONE. 
It is from the ^4abia," or lips, that the Brocchi^* have re- 
ceived the surname of Labeo. All animals that are viviparous 
have a mouth that is either well-formed, or harshly defined, 
as the case may be. Instead of lips and mouth, the birds 
have a beak that is horny and sharp at the end. With birds 
that live by rapine, the beak is hooked inwards, but with those 
which gather and peck only, it is straight : those animals, 
again, which root up grass or puddle in the mud, have the 
muzzle broad, like swine. The beasts of burden employ the 
mouth in place of hands in gathering their food, while those 
which live by rapine and slaughter have it wider than the 
rest. No animal, with the exception of man, has either chin 
or cheek-bones. The crocodile is the only animal that has the 
upper jaw-bone moveable; among the land quadrupeds it is 
the same as with other animals, except that they can move it 
obliquely. 
CHAP. 61. — the teeth ; the VAEiors kinds op teeth ; in what 
ANIMALS THEY AEE NOT ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MOUTH ; ANIMALS 
WHICH HAVE HOLLOW TEETH. 
Teeth are arranged in three different ways, serrated, in one 
continuous row, or else protruding from the mouth. "When 
serrated they unite together, just like those of a comb, in order 
that they may not be worn by rubbing against one another, as 
in serpents, fishes, and dogs,^^ for instance. In some creatures 
they are set in one continuous row, man and the horse, 
for instance; while in the wild boar, the elephant, and the 
hippopotamus, they protrude from the mouth. Among those 
set in one continuous row, the teeth which divide the food 
are broad and sharp, while those which grind it are double ; 
the teeth which lie between the incisive and the molar 
teeth, are those known as the canine or dog-teeth; these 
13 Flat-nosed,'^ and " snub-nosed." 
1* A Roman family — the reading of this word seems doubtful. 
15 In reality, tbe under one only. 
16 He is incorrect in speaking of dogs as having serrated teeth. 
In the dugong also, babiroussa, muntjac, and others. 
