14 
plii^t's katitral histoet. 
[Book II. 
call the heavens \ Iby the vault of which all things are en- 
lent to tlie celestial regions as opposed to the earth. In the ninth line, 
" concessumque patri mundo," we may consider it as signifying the 
celestial regions generally ; and in the eleventh, " Jamque favet nrnndus," 
the whole of the earth, or rather its inhabitants. We meet with it again 
in the -sixty-eighth line, " lumina mnndi," where it seems more properly 
to signify the visible firmament ; again in the 139th, " Et mundi struxere 
globum," it seems to refer especially to the earth, synonymous with the 
general sense of the Enghsh term world ; while in the 153rd line, " per 
inania mundi," it must be supposed to mean the universe. Hyginus, 
in his Poeticon Astronomicon, hb. i. p. 55, defines the term as follows : 
" Mundus appellatur is qui constat in sole et luna et terra et omnibus 
steUis ; " and again, p. 57, "Terra mundi media regione collocata." We may 
observe the different designations of the term mundus in Seneca ; among 
other passages I may refer to his Nat. Qusest. vii. 27 & iii. 30 ; to his 
treatise De Consol. § 18 and De Benef. iv. 23, where I conceive the precise 
meanings are, respectively, the universe, the terrestrial globe, the firma- 
ment, and the heavenly bodies. The G-reek term Koafxos, which corresponds 
to the Latin word mundus^ was hkewise employed to signify, either the 
visible firmament or the universe. In illustration of this, it will be suf- 
ficient to refer to the treatise of Aristotle Hepi Koafiov, cap. 2. p. 601. See 
also Stephens's Thesaurus, in loco. In Apuleius's treatise De Mundo, 
which is a free translation of Aristotle's Ilept JLoafiov, the term may be 
considered as synonymous with universe. It is used in the same sense 
in various parts of Apuleius's writings : see Metam. ii. 23 ; De Deo 
Socratis, 665, 667 ; De Dogmate Platonis, 574, 575, et alibi. 
^ Cicero, in his Timseus, uses the same phraseology ; " Omne igitur 
coelum, sive mundus, sive quovis aho vocabulo gaudet, hoc a nobis 
nuncupatum est," § 2. Pomponius Mela's work commences with a 
similar expression ; " Omne igitur hoc, quidquid est, cui mundi coehque 
nomen indideris, unum id est." They were probably taken from a 
passage in Plato's Timseus, "Universum igitur hoc, Coelum, sive Mundum, 
sive quo aho vocabulo gaudet, cognominemus," according to the trans- 
lation of Ficirius ; Platonis Op. ix. p. 302. The word caelum^ which is 
employed in the original, in its ordinary acceptation, signifies the heavens, 
the visible firmament ; as in Ovid, Met. i. 5, *' quod tegit omnia, coelum." 
It is, in most cases, employed in this sense by Lucretius and by Manihus, 
as in i. 2. of the former and in i. 14. of the latter. Occasionally, how- 
ever, it is employed by both of these vsriters in the more general sense 
of celestial regions^ in opposition to the earth, as by Lucretius, i. 65, and 
by Manihus, i. 352. In the hne qvioted by Cicero from Pacuvius, it 
would seem to mean the place in which the planets are situated ; De 
Nat. Deor. ii. 91. The Greek word ovpavos may be regarded as exactly 
corresponding to the Latin word coelum, and employed with the same 
modifications ; see Aristotle, De Mundo and De Coelo, and Ptolemy, 
Mag. Const. Hb. i. passim ; see also Stephens's Thesaurus, in loco. Aratus 
generally uses it to designate the visible firmament, as in 1. 10, while in 
1. 32 it means the heavenly regions. G-esner defines coelum^ " Mundus 
