150 
PLINY'S KATI3EAL HISTOBT 
[Book II. 
critus\ Eratosthenes^, Pytlieas''^, Herodotus^, Aristotle''', 
Ctesias^, Artemidorus'' of Ephesus, Isidorus^ of Oharax, and 
Theopompus^. 
287. A few only of his works have come down to us, pubhshed at Ox- 
ford in 1792, by Torelli. 
1 Born either at Astypalsea or ^Egina. He was cbief pilot of the 
fleet of Alexander during the descent of the Indus and the voyage to the 
Persian Grulf. He wrote a work called the " Alexandropsedia," or Edu- 
cation of Alexander. In his description of what he saw in India, many 
fables and falsehoods are said to have been interwoven, so much so that 
the work (which is now lost) is said to have resembled a fable more than 
a history. 
2 Of Gyrene, born B.C. 276. He was invited from Athens by Ptolemy 
Euergetes, to become keeper of the library at Alexandria. He was a man 
of most extensive erudition, as an astronomer, geographer, philosopher, 
historian and grammarian. All of his writings have perished, with the 
exception of a few fragments on geographical subjects. 
3 Of Massiha, now Marseilles, a celebrated navigator who flourished 
about the time of Alexander the Glreat. In his voyages he visited Britain 
and Thule, of which he probably gave some account in his work " on the 
Ocean." He has been wrongfully accused of falsehood by Strabo. An- 
other work , written by him was his " Periplus," or * Circumnavigation' 
from Gades to the Tanais, probably, in this instance, the Elbe. 
Of Hahcamassus, the father of Gl-recian history ; born B.C. 484. 
Besides his great work which has come down to us, he is supposed to 
have written a history of Arabia. 
^ Probably the most learned of the Grreek philosophers. His works 
were exceedingly numerous, and those which have survived to us treat of 
natural history, metaphysics, physical science, ethics, logic, and general 
Hterature. 
^ A native of Cnidus in Caria, and private physician to Artaxerxes 
Mnemon, having been made prisoner by him at the battle of Cunaxa. He 
wrote a History of Persia in 23 books, which, with the exception of a small 
abridgement by Photius and a few fragments, is now lost. He also wrote 
a book on India. He was much censured, probably without sufficient 
reason, for the creduUty displayed in his works. 
7 Of Ephesus, a geographer, who lived about B.C. 100. He wrote a Peri- 
plus, and a work on Greography ; a few fragments only of abridgements 
of these have survived. 
s Of Charax in Parthia, of which country he wrote an account which 
still exists. He flourished in the reign of Augustus. 
9 Of Cl dos, a celebrated historian, and disciple of the orator Isocrates. 
His principal works were a History of Grreece, and a Life of PhiUp of 
Macedon, father of Alexander the G-reat. 
