Chap. 4] ACCOUOT OE COIJNTEIES, ETC. 
173 
and with barbarous names. The number however of the free 
population amounts to nearly 166,000. 
In a similar manner the twenty-four states of the juris- 
diction of the Bracari contain a population of 175,000, among 
whom, besides the Bracari^ themselves, we may mention, 
without wearying the reader, the Bibali, the Coelerni, the 
Gallaeci, the Hequsesi, the Limici, and the Querquerni. 
The length of the JSTearer Spain, from the Pyrenees to the 
frontier of Castulo, is 607^ miles, and a little more if we fol- 
low the line of the coast ; while its breadth, from Tarraco to 
the shore of Olarson^, is 307^ miles, From the foot of the 
Pyrenees, where it is wedged in by the near approach of the 
two seas, it gradually expands until it touches the Farther 
Spain, and thereby acquires a width more than double^. 
Nearly the whole of Spain abounds in mines ^ of lead, iron, 
^ The people of Bracara Augusta, now Braga. Among the ruins of 
the ancient city are the remains of an aqueduct and an amphitheatre. 
This people probably derived their name from their fashion of wearing 
braccse, "breeches" or "trowsers," hke their neighbours of GraUia Brac- 
cata. The exact localities of the various other tribes here mentioned do 
not appear to be exactly known. 
2 Our author is mistaken here, even making allowance for the short- 
ness of the Roman mile (1618 yards), as the length is only 470 miles. 
Coastwise it is 620. 
3 Now Oyarzun. It is also mentioned in B. iv. c. 34. 
* He is also in error here ; for, taken in a straight hne, this distance 
is but 210 miles. ^ The distance is about 560 miles. 
^ It may be worth while here to take some notice of the mineral pro- 
ductions of Spain in modern times, from which we shall be able to form 
a more accurate judgement as to the correctness of the statement here 
made by Pliny. Grrains of gold are still to be found in the rivers Tagus 
and Douro ; but there is not found sufficient of the precious metal to pay 
for the search. Silver is found in the mines of the Guadal canal. Copper 
and lead are to be found in abundance. There is a mine of plumbago 
four leagues from Eonda ; and tin is found in GaUicia. In every pro- 
vince there are iron mines, those in Biscay being the most remarkable. 
Lodestone is found in Seville, cobalt on the Pyrenees, quicksilver and 
cinnabar at Almaden, arsenic in Asturias, and coal in Asturias and Arra- 
gon. There are salt-mines at Mingrilla and Cardona ; alum is found in Ar- 
ragon, antimony at Alcaraz. On the Sierra Morena, and in Gralhcia, there 
is saltpetre in numerous locahties ; amber in Asturias and Yalencia, and 
sulphur in Murcia, Arragon, and Seville. Pipe-clay of a peculiar quality is 
found in the vicinity of Andujar. G-ypsum and marble are found in great 
abundance, and stone for building purposes, of the best quahty. Ame- 
thysts, white comeHans, rubies, agates, garnets, and rock crystals, with 
other precious stones, are also found in abundance and of the finest quahty. 
