242 i^LIKT's KATUEAL HISTOET, [Book III 
it was the cHef place of Etruria^,Brixillum^,Mutina^,Parma^, 
and Placentia'"'. There are also the towns of Csesena^, Cla- 
terna, Forum Clodi^, Eorum Livi, Forum Popili, Porum 
Truentinorum^, Porum Corneli, Porum Licini, the Paven- 
tini^, the Pidentini^^j the Otesini, the Padinates^\ the Eegi- 
^ He probably means only the Etruscan cities north of the Apennines. 
2 The modern town of Brescello occupies its site. Here the Emperor 
Otho put an end to his life on learning the defeat of his troops by Yitel- 
lius. It appears to have been a strong fortress in the time of the Lom- 
bard kings. 
3 The modem Modena stands on its site. It was famous in the history 
of the civil wars after Cesar's death. Decimus Brutus was besieged here 
by M. Antonius, in the years B.C. 44 and 43, and under its walls the 
consuls Hirtius and Pansa were slain. Its vicinity, like that of Parma, 
was famous for the excellence of its wool. 
^ This was a Homan colony, which was enlarged by Augustus, and 
from him received the name of Colonia Julia Augusta. It was called, 
after the fall of the Western Empire, Chrysopolis or the " Grolden City." 
The modern city of Parma occupies its site. 
^ A Roman colony. The present city of Piacenza stands on its site. 
^ It still retains the name of Cesena, and is a considerable place. After 
the fall of the Western Empire it was used as a fortress of great strength. 
We sliaU findPhny again mentioning it in B. xiv. c. 6, as famous for the 
goodness of its wines, a reputation wliich it still maintams. The name 
of Claterna, once a municipal town of importance, is still retained in part 
l>y a smaU. stream which crosses the road nine miles from Bologna, and 
is called the Quaderna, An old church and a few houses, called Santa 
Maria di Quaderna, probably mark the site of the vicinity of the town, 
which was situate on the high road. 
.7 This Forum Clodii is said by D'Anville to be the modem Fornocchia. 
Forum Livii is supposed to have occupied the site of the present city of 
Forh. Forum Popili or Forh Piccolo occupies the site of Forum or 
Foro Popili. 
^ This place is supposed to have stood on the spot where the episcopal 
town of Bertinoro now stands. In inscriptions it is called Forodruenti- 
norum. Forum Cornehi, said to have been so called from the Dictator 
SyUa, occupied the site of the modern town of Imola. The poet Martial 
is said to have resided for some time in this town. 
^ The people of Faventia, now Faenza. PHny, B. xix. c. i., speaks of 
the whiteness of its hnen, for the manufacture of which it was cele- 
brated. At this place Carbo and Norbanus were defeated with great loss 
by Metellus, the partisan of Sylia, in B.C. 82. 
The people of Fidentia. The present Borga di San Donnino stands 
on its site, which is between Parma and Placentia, fifteen miles from the 
former city. 
Cluver thinks that their town was on the site of the modern Castel 
Bondmo. 
