Cliap. 5.] ACCOOTT OF COOTTEIES, ETC. 
399 
well as the cities of Alele^ and Cilliba^, we have subdued 
by force of arms, as also Cydamus^, which lies over against 
Sabrata. After passing these places a range of mountains 
extends in a prolonged chain from east to west : these have 
received from our people the name of the Black Moim- 
tains'*, either from the appearance which they naturally bear 
of having been exposed to the action of fire, or else from the 
fact that they have been scorched by the reflection of the 
sun's rays. Beyond it^ is the desert, and then Talgse, a city of 
the Graramantes, and Debris, at which place there is a spring^, 
the waters of which, from noon to midnight, are at boiling 
heat, and then freeze for as many hours until the following 
noon ; Grarama too, that most famous capital of the Ga- 
ramantes ; all which places have been subdued by the Boman 
arms. It was on this occasion that Cornelius Balbus^ was 
honoured with a triumph, the only foreigner indeed that was 
ever honoured with the triumphal chariot, and presented 
with the rights of a Boman citizen ; for, although by birth 
a native of Grades, the Boman citizenship was granted to him 
as well as to the elder Balbus^, his uncle by the father's side. 
There is also this remarkable circumstance, that our writers 
* Now called Tanet-Mellulen, or the station of Mellulen, on the route 
from Gradamez to Oserona. 
2 Zaouila or Zala, half way between Augyla and Mourzouk. 
^ Now Gradamez, which, according to Marcns, is situate almost under 
the same meridian as Old Tripoli, the ancient Sabrata. 
^ According to Marcus this range still bears the name of Gibel-Assoud, 
wliich in the Arabic language means the "Black Mountain." 
^ In a southerly direction. He alludes probably to the Desert of 
Bildulgerid. 
6 This spring is also mentioned by Pliny in B. ii. c. 106. Marcus sug- 
gests that the Debris of Phny is the same as the Bedir of Ptolemy. He 
also remarks that the Enghsh traveller Oudney discovered caverns hewn 
out of the sides of the liiEs, evidently for the purposes of habitation, but 
of which the use is not known by the present people. These he con- 
siders to have been the abodes of the ancient Troglodytae or "cave- 
dwellers." In the Tibesti range of mountains, however- we find a race 
called the Hock Tibboos, from the circumstance of their dwelling in caves. 
7 Cornehus Balbus Gi-aditanus the Younger, who, upon his victories 
over the Glaramantes, obtained a triumph in the year B.C. 19. 
s L. Cornehus Balbus the Elder, also a native of Grades. He obtained 
the consulsliip in B.C. 40, the first instance, as we find mentioned by 
Phny, B. vii. c. 44, in which this honour had been conferred upon one 
who was not a Boman citizen. 
