400 
pliitt's natijeal histoet 
[Book Y. 
have handed down to us the names of the cities above-men- 
tioned as having been taken by Balbus, and have informed 
us that on the occasion of his triumph^ besides Cydamus 
and Grarama", there were carried in the procession the 
names and models of all the other nations and cities, in 
the following order: the town of Tabudium^, the nation 
of Mteris, the town of Nigligemella, the nation or town of 
Eubeium^, the nation of Enipi, the town of Thuben, the 
mountain known as the Black Mountain, ISTitibrum, the 
towns called Bapsa, the nation of Discera^, the town of 
Debris^, the river ISTathabur'', the town of Thapsagum^, 
the nation of Nannagi, the town of Boin, the town of 
Pege^, the river Dasibari ; and then the towns, in the 
following order, of Baracum, Buluba, Alasit, Gralia, Balla, 
Maxalla^^, Zizama, and Mount Gryri^^, w^hich was preceded by 
^ On the occasion of a triumph by a Boman general, boards were 
carried aloft on "fercula," on which were painted in large letters the names 
of vanquished nations and countries. Here too models were exhibited in 
ivory or wood of the cities and forts captured, and pictures of the moun- 
tains, rivers, and other great natural features of the subjugated region, 
with appropriate inscriptions. Marcus is of opinion that the names of 
the places here mentioned do not succeed in any geographical order, but 
solely accordmg to their presumed importance as forming part of the 
conquest of Balbus. He also thinks that Balbus did not penetrate 
beyond the fifteenth degree of north latitude, and that his conquests did 
not extend so far south as the banks of Lake Tchad. 
^ The site of Grarama still bears the name of * Gherma,' and presents 
very considerable remains of antiquity. It is four days' journey north 
of Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan. 
3 Now Tibesti, according to Marcus. 
^ Marcus suggests that this is probably the Febabo of modem geo- 
graphers, to the N.E. of Belma and Tibesti. 
^ Discera was the Im-Zerah of modern travellers, on the road from 
Sockna to Mourzouk, according to Marcus, who is of opinion that the 
places which follow were situate at the east and north-east of Thuben 
and the Black Mountain. 
^ Om-El-Abid, to the N.W. of Grarama or Gherma, according to 
Marcus, and Oudney the traveller. 
7 The same, Marcus tliinks, as the modern Tessava in Fezzan, 
^ Marcus suggests that this may be the modern Sana. 
9 The town of Winega mentioned by Oudney, was probably the 
ancient Pega, according to Marcus. 
10 The modern Missolat, according to Marcus, on the route from Tri- 
poli to Murmuck. 
11 According to Marcus, this was the Mount Groriano of the English 
