Gliap. 20.] ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, ETC. 441 
i . 
and on tlie east, the Laodiceni\ wlio are called tlie Laodiceni 
on the Libanus, the Leueadii^, and the Larisssei, besides 
seventeen other Tetrarchies, divided into kingdoms and 
bearing barbarous names. 
CHAP. 20. (24.) — THE EUPHRATES. 
This place, too, will be the most appropriate one for 
making some mention of the Euphrates. This river rises in 
Caranitis^, a prsefecture of Greater Armenia, according to 
the statement of those who have approached the nearest to 
its source. Domitius Corbulo says, that it rises in Mount 
'Aba; Licinius Mucianus, at the foot of a mountain which 
he calls Capotes'*, twelve miles above Zimara, and that at its 
source it has the name of Pyxurates, It first flows past 
Derxene^, and then Anaitica^, shutting out^ the regions of 
Armenia from Cappadocia. Dascusa^ is distant from Zimara 
seventy-five miles ; from this spot it is navigable as far as 
^ The people of Laodicea ad Libanum, a city of Coele-Syria, at the 
northern entrance to the narrow valley, between Libanus and Anti- 
Libanus. During the possession of Coele-Syria by the Glreek kings of 
Egypt, it was the south west border fortress of Syria. It was the chief 
city of a district called Laodicene. 
2 Of Leucas, or Leucadia, nothing is known. Larissa, in Syria, waa 
a city in the district of Apamene, on the western bank of the Orontes, 
about half-way between Apamea and Epiphania. The site is now called. 
Kulat-Seijar. 
3 In the western branch of the plateau of Iran, a portion of the Taurus 
chain. Considerable changes in the course of the lower portion of the 
river have taken place since the time when Pliny wrote. Caranitis is 
the modern Arzrum, or Erzriim, of the Turks. 
^ Now called Dujik Tagh, a mountain of Armenia, 
5 It has been suggested, that the proper reading here would be 
Xerxene, 
® Probably the district where the goddess Anais was worshipped, 
who is mentioned by PHny in B. xxxiii. c. 24. 
7 Erom the place of confluence where the two mountain streams 
forming the Euphrates unite. This spot is now known as Kebban 
Ma'den. 
s A fortress upon the river Euphrates, in Lesser Armenia. It 
has been identified with the ferry and lead-mines of Kebban Ma'den, 
the points where the Kara Su is. joined by the Myrad-Chai, at a distance 
of 270 miles from its source j the two streams forming, by their con* 
fluence, the Euphrates. 
