110 
DAVIS: EXPOSED SECTIONS. 
was broken by innumerable faults, extending- in every direction. 
These are especially frequent in the higher beds of the series 
where the measures are less persistent and more rapidly divided by 
alternating- beds of shale, sandstone and coal. These strata being 
thinner were necessarily more easily influenced by the distributing 
force, and being further removed from the line of elevation and 
near the centre of the trough-like synclinal, had not only the 
pressure from the west to resist, but also that of the comparatively 
little influenced tract to the eastwards, which caused them to be 
broken into innumerable cube-like masses, whose relative lateral 
positions were much changed and faulted. 
Subsequent denudation removed great masses of the much 
broken strata and planed it down to more or less even surfaces 
before the deposition of the Permian Limestones. This is amply 
proved by the position which these limestones occupy with regard 
to the underlying beds. The miflstone grits, after extending in 
a north and south direction from Derbyshire to the neighbourhood 
of Halifax, make a great curve eastwards, and the whole of the 
district west of the Permian Escarpment, north of Leeds to the 
boundary of the county is composed of these rocks. The several 
sandstones and shales included in the divisions known as the 
" Rough Rock," immediately below the coal measures, the 
third grits, at Plumpton and Spofforth, and the equivalents of the 
Kinder Scout Grits the lowest beds, occuring in the neighbour- 
hood of Ripon and northwards, successively disappear beneath the 
limestone escarpment with a southerly dip and a strike east and 
west ; the opposite direction to that of the superimposed limestone. 
South of the neighbourhood of Leeds the successive beds of the 
coal measures dip under the limestone, always unconformably, 
the sequence of the strata from the lower coal measures north of 
Leeds, to the uppermost beds the Red Rocks at Rotherham, being 
successively obscured. 
In the West Riding the Permian rocks consist of the follow- 
ing beds : — 
