CLASS II. AVES: ORDER 2. PASSERES. 
119 
THE CAMPEPHAGIN^ OR CATERPILLAR-EATERS. 
These birds, like the Dicnirinae, are almost exclusively confined to the warmer parts of the 
Old World — Africa, and India — only the single genus Ptilonogonus being found in America. They 
have the bill short, the claws much curved, and live principally in vv'oods and forests; but some 
of the species are also found about hedges and gardens. They are seen either singly or in small 
flocks, hopping about upon the trees, and prying inquisitively into every part of the foliage in 
search of their food, Avhich consists almost entirely of soft insects, and especially of caterpillars. 
They also pick up ants and beetles, and in pursuit of these are not unfrequently seen upon the 
ground ; fruits and berries are said also to form part of the diet of some of the species. The nests 
are built high up in trees ; they are of small size, and composed of lichens, roots, and thin stalks. 
The eggs are few in number, sometimes only two, of a pale color, with brown streaks. 
THE UMBRELLA-BIRD. THE BLOODY PAYAO. 
THE aYMNODERIN^ OR FRUIT-CROWS. 
Another and an interesting group is that of the GrjmnoderincB or Fruit-Crows^ consisting of 
some remarkable birds, which have been arranged by difi'erent authors among' the chatterers and 
the crows. They have a stout, straight, depressed bill, with the ridge of the upper mandible curved, 
and its tip notched ; the wings are long and pointed ; the tail of moderate length, and rounded ; 
the claws long, curved, and. acute. They are peculiar to South America, and are of considerable 
size, some of the larger species being equal, in this respect, to our common crows. They feed 
principally upon fruits, and occasionally on insects. Some of the species have the face or part of 
the neck bare of feathers, and hence are called Bald-Heads : one species, the Gymnocephalus 
calvus, is called the Capuchin Balb-Head. Another species, the Bloody Pavao, Coracina 
scutata, is fifteen inches long, and is entirely black, with a blood-red cuirass of feathers on the 
neck and breast, appearing like a bloody wound ; it has a cry of bou, bou, bou^ which in the deep 
forests of Brazil sounds like the horn of a herdsman calling his flock. Another species is the 
renowned TJmbrella-Bird, Cephaloptevus ornatus, of a beautiful glossy black color, giving out 
bluish reflections ; it has a superb tuft of blue, hair-like, curved feathers on the top of the head, 
and also a plume of blue feathers depending from a fleshy process on the neck. This bird is of 
the size of a crow, feeds principally on fruits, and has a loud, deep note, whence it is called by 
the natives ZTeramimbe or Piper-Bird. It is found in the regions of the Rio Negro. Another 
celebrated species is the Arapunga, or C.^mpenero, or Bell-Bird, Arapunga alba, found in the 
wild forests of Guiana ; it is about twelve inches in length, and of a pure white color. It is dis- 
