486 
VERTEBRATA. 
tained in Europe.* The stocking of barren or impoverished rivers, lakes, and ponds by fishes 
artificially hatched, may be considered as not only a possibility in this country, but as a means 
of easy and certain supply, demanding the attention of patriots and statesmen. 
We cannot here enter into an account of the various methods adopted for the breeding of 
fishes, but must refer the reader to the work on this subject by W. H. Fry, Esq., published by 
Appleton & Co., 1854, and the still more recent publication by Dr. Garlick, of Cleveland, 
Ohio. AVe may state, however, that the new art of propagation has been successfully applied in 
Europe to the production of salmon, trout, shad, pike, carp, bream, barbel, tench, and perch, and 
in this country to several of these species. It is ascertained that all these fishes, filled with roe, and 
near their spawning-time, may be transported for hundreds of miles ; the eggs of the female may 
be pressed out by the hand, and the milt, extracted in the same manner, strewn over them ; thus 
prepared, they may be put in artificial or natural enclosures, with beds of gravel, and left to be 
hatched. The particular devices employed are various, but they are all simple. Some of the 
establishments in England and France are on a large scale, and the product is truly astonishing.f 
* In- the Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New Tork, for 1857, p. 439, will be found an inter- 
esting and instructive essay, by Mr. Pell, on American fishes and fish-breeding, by which it appears that he has met 
with the most entire success in the artificial breeding of various species. The experiments of Dr. Garlick and Pro- 
fessor Ackley have been chiefly made on the fishes of Lake Erie and the vicinity. Their method of proceeding appears 
to be alike practical and successful. They seem specially to note the following fishes as suitable for artificial prop- 
agation : the Black Bass, Grystes mgricans of Agassiz, or Centrarchus fasciatus of De Kay ; the Large-mouthed 
Bass, G. megastoma ; the Vv^hite Bass or White Perch, Lahrax multilineatus ; the Grass Bass, Centrarclius hexacanihus ; 
Rock Bass, C. canetis ; and the Common Piolcefel, Yelloiv Percli, Sun-Fish, and Common Eel. 
■\ We find the following in the papers, April, 1859 : 
" A remaj'kable account has been lately given \)j Dr. Cloquet to the Paris Societe d' Acclimation, of the results of 
an attempt to keep salmon in fresh-water ponds having no communication with the sea. The experiment was made 
near St. Cloud, where M. Coste has successfully carried on piscicultural operations on a very extensive scale. The 
pond chosen for the experiment in question is of small extent, and is supplied by a small stream of fresh water, 
sufiicient to form a cascade. Three years ago the pond was entirely emptied and cleaned out. In April and May, 
1855, several thousand salmon, only two months old, were placed in the pond with trout, and, notwithstanding the 
voracious nature of the latter fish, the salmon have prospered so vrell that a few weeks ago, in the presence of the 
emperor, who takes great interest in the artificial jjropagation of fish, no less than four hundred pounds' weight 
of salmon was caught by one haul of a net. This result is very surprising, but M. Coste states that he was far more 
astonished to find that the female salmon were full of eggs ! He adds that he saw several eggs so highly developed 
that they were on the point of being emitted. These results, which bear the stamp of high authenticity, prove that 
salmon maj- be produced and reared in fresh-water ponds under similar circumstances to those by which trout are 
now so successfully multiplied in various waters around Paris." 
