CLIFF HOUSES— FEWKES. 423 
yields nothing. Man then consumes an accumulated supply of food. 
Then it was that the cliff-house farmers retired to their caves, in 
which they had stored their corn, seeking whatever comfort was pos- 
sible. Thus the cliff house (pi. 3) became the winter residence of 
the farmer. In the warm summer he could live in primitive brush 
lodges near his farm, but in winter he retired to his winter home in 
the cliffs, v/here, with abundant food at hand, it was possible for 
him to devote himself to improvements in his arts and the construc- 
tion of better habitations; but above all, feeling tlie capriciousness of 
nature, upon which his future crops depended, and haunted by a fear 
that the gods v»-ould not be propitious in the coming year, he per- 
formed a ceaseless round of ceremonies to appease or control them. 
Various theories have been propounded to explain why extensive 
community houses with elaborate ceremonial rooms were built in 
cliffs. We are told that they were constructed in inaccessible places 
for protection against foes. It has been suggested that cliff houses 
were horticultural outlooks, notwithstanding the most elaborate of 
them look out into deep canyons, devoid of soil and impossible as sites 
of farms. Cliff houses were primarily winter homes, protected from 
the elements by natural conditions and used primarily as storage 
places for food. Open-air pueblos were later constructed for the same 
purpose, and they also served as habitations during the long winter 
months. 
Buildings in caves with stone walls occur almost everywhere in 
the world where man has advanced to any high degree of develop- 
ment. We find them in countries bordering the Mediterranean, 
dating back to the dawn of history; in Asia and Africa wherever 
geological conditions permit. Nor is the cliff dwelling necessarily 
a habitation which man has outgrown. In France, as shown by Mr. 
Baring Gould, these houses are still inhabited, and many additional 
examples might be" mentioned from all over the world where men 
still live. All prehistoric or modern cliff dwellings are not built in 
the same form. They have a common site but greatly different con- 
struction. The cliff' dwellings of the Far East are oriental build- 
ings and those of the Dordogne in French caves are typical dwellings. 
American cliff houses are characteristic buildings of Am.erican abo- 
rigines. The dwellings in caves of the United States are practically 
confined to four States — Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Ari- 
zona — but even in this area, while they have the same site and super- 
ficially resemble each other, we find when their structure is studied 
that they differ. Two types may be readily recognized, one found in 
southern Arizona in the upper reaches of the Gila and Salt Kivers 
and their northern tributaries, the Verde and Tonto; the other in 
the northern part of the same State, and on the tributaries of the San 
