426 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN" INSTITUTION, 101&. 
rectangular wall and we have the characteristic compound type of 
ruin. 
It is evident that the cave sites of the cliff houses on the Salt River 
and its tributaries are similar to those of the northern tributaries of 
the San Juan, and yet the culture of the cliff dwellers was very differ- 
ent. The inference suggested by the presence of numerous kivas 
characteristic of the latter and their absence in the former is that 
while the inhabitants of a cliff dwelling without kivas may have had 
many complicated rites and certain rooms for that purpose we can 
hardly believe the ceremonies of this people were as elaborate. 
There is no reason to doubt that the cliff houses of the Salt River 
as well as the great compounds of the neighboring valleys were 
prehistoric, or were probably without inhabitants when the early 
Spanish travelers entered the country. As in the Mesa Verde they 
reached a high development, declined, and disappeared, leaving onl}'- 
their monuments as evidence of their existence. In southern Arizona 
a people of a somewhat different culture from those of Mesa Verde 
developed an ability to construct large communal buildings, but their 
habitations were made of rude earth or logs like those of the historic 
Pima or Papagos. My conclusion is that the rise, culmination, and 
decline of two different phases of architecture occurred in two regions 
of the Southwest, each developing independently or along its own 
lines of growth. In the course of their history the inhabitants of 
these two areas increased in number and the horizon of each culture 
area coming in contact overlapped, forming a zone with characters 
of each. Here their descendants survived among the Hopi and Zuni 
up to our own time as a mixed people, still further modified by 
foreign influences retaining certain elements of each area. Survivals 
in the modern pueblos have brought to our time the membra disjecta 
of past phases of culture, and still have a great deal to teach us re- 
garding the past. 
