430 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. 
occupies to-day the entire continent from the Eskimo boundary to 
Patagonia. We find no closely allied types in the adjacent Provinces 
of Asia, but there are approximations among the dark-skinned peo- 
ples of southern Asia, and probable kinship is suggested by plate 3, 
figures 1 and 2, the first a typical American Indian of New Mexico 
and the other a native of the island of Formosa. That the latter 
may be thought of as representing one of the groups which gave 
rise to the American race is reasonable, and relationships are further 
suggested by plates 4, 5, and 6. Here on the one hand we have a 
pair of young Apache Indians of Arizona and on the other two 
southern Asiatics, the one from the island of Sumatra and the other 
from the Philippines. That the facial evidence does not point to an 
exclusive island origin is suggested by a comparison of the face of 
the Navajo woman (pi. 7, fig. 1) with that of the Mongolian man 
shown in plate 7, figure 2. It is to be expected that with the incom- 
ing currents of Asiatic peoples there would be a considerable Mongol 
element, and this, though submerged, would tend to reappear. It 
should be noted, however, that Eskimo influence may have, in cases, 
extended as far south as the Navajo country. 
The contrasting facial characters of the American Indian with 
the typical Asiatic IMongol is suggested by plate 8, figures 1 and 2, 
the first an Indian woman of the Great Plains and the second a 
Kalmuck of central Asia; and this contrast is still further empha- 
sized by comparing the bold profile of a Cheyenne Indian (pi. 9, 
fig. 1) with that of a typical Mongolian (pi. 9, fig. 2). 
In South America there appears no definite trace of the Mongol, 
the facial type being characteristically Indian. Plate 10, figure 1, 
and plate 11, figure 1, show typical Indian faces of to-day, and cor- 
responding closely are certain skillfully modeled faces employed in 
embellishing earthen water bottles by the ancient Peruvians (pi. 10, 
fig. 2, and pi. 11, fig. 2). These striking physiognomies differ some- 
what in form and expression from the incisive faces of the northern 
Indians, but show no definite traces of exotic admixture. 
EXCEPTIONAL AMERICAN TYPES. 
Notwithstanding the homogeneity in type of the Indian tribes 
from the Eskimo boundary on the north to Patagonia on the south, 
there are in the sculptured and modeled faces of ancient Mexico and 
Central America suggestions of facial conformation so distinctive 
and unusual that the}'^ have become the subject of much speculation, 
the problems involved being among the most interesting that have 
arisen regarding the history of man and culture in America. The 
problem to be solved is whether or not these exceptional features 
which appear in Toltec and Maya art are due to the intrusion of 
