FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
61 
This species is well marked and has a broader silvery lateral band than either Anchovia com- 
mersoniana or Anchovia ischana. While the anal rays agree with the latter, the fin of commersoniana is 
still longer. The insertion of the anal fin also is more in advance in both ischana and commersoniana. 
Htolcphorus purpureas Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 497, PI. XIX, fig. 1. Sandwich Islands. 
Anchovia purpurea, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 432 (Honolulu; Synder, 1. e. (Jan. 19, 1904), 
521 (Honolulu). 
Suborder INIOMI.—The Lantern Fishes. * 
Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebrae simple, unmodified, and without auditory ossicles; 
symplcctic present; no interclavicles; opercular apparatus sometimes incomplete; pharyngeal hones 
unmodified; gill-openings ample; mesocoracoid arch wanting or atrophied; bones of jaws variously 
developed, the maxillary sometimes cognate with the premaxillary; shoulder-girdle with its post¬ 
temporal not normally connected with the skull, but touching it at or near the nape; gills 4, a slit 
behind the fourth; air-bladder, if present, with a duct; dorsal and anal fins without true spines; 
ventral fins, if present, abdominal; scales mostly cycloid, often wanting; adipose fin present or absent; 
skeleton mostly very weakly ossified; photopliores present in most species. 
Marine fishes, mostly inhabiting the oceanic abysses, closely allied to the typical Isospondyli, but 
lacking the mesocoracoid and having the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium 
imperfect. In the character of the mesocoracoid, most of these fishes agree with the eels and with the 
Haplomi and the spinv-rayed fishes. These latter have the post-temporal differently attached. This 
suborder is a provisional one, and its members may be reunited with the Isospondyli or otherwise 
distributed when the osteology of the different families is known. Boulenger relegates those which, 
like Synodus, lack the mesocoracoid to the Haplomi. These lack also the orbitosphenoid, characters 
of the Isospondyli and the Berycoidei. 
Of the 18 families of this order as here defined, only 5 have representatives in the Hawaiian fauna 
Family XVII. SYN0D0NTID/E.—The Lizard-fishes. 
Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scales, rarely naked; mouth very 
wide, entire margin of upper jaw formed by the long, slender premaxillaries, the latter mostly rudi¬ 
mentary or obsolete, never widened at tip; teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tongue, and palatines; 
canines rarely present; large teeth usually depressible; no barbels; opercular bones usually thin, but 
complete; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; branchiostegals usually numerous; pseudo- 
branchiae present; gillrakers tubercular or obsolete; no orbitosphenoid or mesocoracoid; lateral line 
present; adipose fin present, rarely obsolete; dorsal fin short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals 
present; anal fin moderate or long; caudal forked; skeleton rather well ossified; air-bladder small or 
wanting; intestinal canal short; sides sometimes with phosphorescent spots or photophores; eggs 
inclosed in the sacs of ovary and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10, species about 40, 
mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths. 
Three genera and about 4 species known from Hawaiian waters. 
a. Vent slightly nearer base of caudal than axil of pectoral; head short, hlunt, compressed. Trachinocephaim, p. 61 
an. Vent much nearer base of caujjal than base of ventrals; head depressed, with flat, triangular snout. 
b. Teeth on the palatines in a single band on each side. Synodus , p. 63 
bb. Teeth on the palatines in a double band on each side. Saurida, p. 65 
Genus 23. TRACHINOCEPHALUS Gill. 
This genus is closely related to Synodus, from which it differs chiefly in form and in the relative 
development of the fins. Body stout; head short, blunt, compressed, its form much as in the genus 
Tracliinus; vent well forward, very slightly nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals, under tip of 
last dorsal ray; teeth as in Synodus, but slender, smaller, and closely set; lower jaw projecting. A 
single species is known, widely diffused in the tropical seas. 
Trachinoc.cphalue Gill, Cat. Fish. Eastern Coast N. Amer., 53, 1861 (myope)-, name only; first defined by Jordan & Gilbert 
Synopsis, 2S1, 1883. 
