FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
159 
Holocentrus Bloch, Ichthyol., VII. 46. 1767 (sogo). 
llolocenthrus Scopoli, lilt. Hist. Nat., 149. 1778 (rostralus i .■ misprint for Holocentrus. 
Rhynchichthys Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss.. VII. 503, 1831 (pdamidis; young). 
Rhinoberyx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237 (bracki/rhynchus; young). 
Sargocentron Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1904, 230 (Ico). 
Holoccnlrum of authors generally. 
a. Two opercular spines. 
b. Head 3 or more in length (3 to 3.25). 
c. Eye rather large, 2.75 to 2.9 in head. 
d. Axil of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal mainly black; head 3.25; depth 2.75; dorsal rays 13; 
anal rays 9; scales 4—18-8 . diadema, p. 159 
dd. Axil of pectoral brown; spinous dorsal mainly pale; head 3; depth 3: dorsal rays 14; anal 
rays 10; scales 4—17-7 . microstomus, p. 160 
cc. Eye rather small, 3.4 to 4.7 in head. 
e. Mouth rather large, maxillary reaching beyond posterior margin of pupil. spinifer, p. 161 
ce. Mouth rather small, maxillary reaching about to front margin of pupil. 
/. Eye comparatively small, 4.5 in head; dorsal bright red; side with longitudinal violet bands.. .erythr&u$,\>. 161 
//. Eye comparatively large, 3.4 in head; side with alternating longitudinal red and white 
bands; dorsal pale, with large red spots near edge. punctatissimus, p. 162 
66. Head less than 3 in length (2.8). xanthenythrus, p. 164 
aa. One opercular spine.. .. ensifer, p. 165 
114. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. “Alaihi kalaloa.” Plate X. 
Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.75; eye 2.9 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 3.1: interorbital 4.5; II. 
xi, 13; A. iv, 9; P. i. 13; V. i, 7; scales 4—17—7. 
Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth about midway between origin of ventral and 
anal; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, longer than deep, its width half its 
length; snout short, broad, blunt, steep; upper profile of head slightly convex, eye very large, imping¬ 
ing upon upper profile, anterior, the posterior margin of pupil a little before middle of bead, and its 
diameter a little less than postocular region; mouth small, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching a little 
beyond front rim of orbit, but not to pupil, small and its distal expanded extremity 1.6 in pupil; teeth 
in jaws, on vomer and palatines, pointed, crowded, small; tongue pointed, free; suborbital rim nar¬ 
row, finely serrate; lips thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, anterior very large, close to eye; bones 
on head all finely serrate, the opercle with 2 well-developed spines, the upper the larger; preoperele 
with a strong spine reaching beyond gill-opening; gill-opening large, filaments rather long, gill rakers 
compressed, short, in moderate number; pseudobranchise large; dorsal spines sharp, pointed, first 3.5 
in head, second 2.2, third 1.8, fourth 1.6, eleventh 4.2; anterior dorsal rays produced, pointed, third 
l. 6 in head, last 5; third anal spine enlarged 1.3, fourth 2; anal similar to soft dorsal, first ray longest, 
1.5, last 4.5; caudal rather small, deeply forked; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.1; caudle peduncle elongate, 
compressed, its length 1.8, depth 3.8. 
Color when fresh, side and upper parts rosy, deep or dark red in life; about 11 very distinct 
horizontal white lines, the upper narrower and somewhat rosy, these separating a corresponding 
number of rosy lines; head with 3 oblique white stripes on cheek, interspaces rosy; spinous dorsal 
deep blood-red, fading to blackish; a narrow white stripe near the base, ending at the fifth spine; a 
similar less regular stripe from ninth spine to end of fin above middle of spine, each spine tipped with 
white; soft dorsal light rosy, first ray deep red; caudal light rosy, upper and lower margins deep red 
with a very narrow white edge; anal light rosy, membrane from third spine to first, soft ray deep 
blood red; pectoral pale rosy, without dark spot at base; ventral spine and first ray white, the second 
ray and membrane deep red, rest of fin light rosy; iris red. 
Color in alcohol, pale silvery brown or whitish, each scale on hack sprinkled with many fine dark 
brown dots; side with 8 narrow white longitudinal lines; inside of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal 
black, except upper extremities of membranes between each 2 spines; a narrow line on lower part, of 
fin running as far as sixth spine, and another running from seventh spine on upper part to end of fin; 
membrane between third anal spine and first soft ray at first whitish and then blackish; ventrals 
whitish. 
Described from an example(No. 03162) taken at Honolulu. This is a small species, very abundant 
along the shores of the Hawaiian Islands; also abundant at Samoa. Our collection contains one example 
from Hilo and 22 from Honolulu. Dr. Jenkins records 11 specimens obtained by him at Honolulu in 
