246 
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
Color in alcohol, pale yellowish orange, deepest above and on head; under parts whitish; faint 
brownish or orange streaks along the rows of scales; fins all whitish, tinged with orange. 
This species reaches a length of something more than a foot. It does not appear to be very 
common, as our collection contains only 5 specimens, all from deep water off Hilo. It was described 
originally from Japan. 
Erythrichthys sp? Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., VII IX, 117, pi. 63, fig. 1. 1845, Japan. 
Erythrichthys schlrydii Gunther, Cat., I, 395, 1859, Japanese Seas. 
Emmclichthys schlcgclii, Bleeker, Enumr. Poiss., Japan, Nat. Verb. Kon. Ak., XVIII, 8, 1879 (name only). 
Family LXY. KYPHOSID4L The Rudder Fishes. 
Herbivorous fishes with incisor teeth only in the front of the jaws; body oblong or elevated, with 
moderate or small scales, ctenoid or not; mouth moderate, with incisor-like teeth in the front of each 
jaw; no molars; teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; premaxillaries moderately protractile; 
preorbital rather narrow, sheathing the maxillary; gill rakers moderate; pseudobranchim well developed; 
opercles entire; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; 
dorsal fin continuous or divided, with 10 to 15 rather strong spines, the soft dorsal naked or scaly; 
anal with M spines; ventrals thoracic, the rays i, 5, an accessory scale at base; caudal lunate or forked; 
pectoral.fin with all its rays branched; intestinal canal elongate, with a few or many pyloric cceca; air- 
bladder usually with 2 posterior horns; vertebra'in ordinary or slightly increased number, 24 to 28; 
post-temporal of normal percoid form, the stout forks not adnate to the cranium. Herbivorous shore 
fishes, feeding largely on green or olive algte; chiefly of the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean; 
most of them valued as food. Genera 20, species about 70. 
a. Incisor teeth well developed, each with a conspicuous horizontal process or root; caudal fin moderate, about as long as 
head, the outer rays not 3 times as long as middle rays; junction of gill-membranes forming an 
angle. Kyphosus . p. 246 
na. Incisor teeth small, with conspicuous roots; caudal much longer than head, the lobes falcate, the outer 3 times length 
of middle rays: gill-membranes not forming an angle at junction.. . Scctator p. 248 
Genus 137. KYPHOSUS Lacepede. The Chopas. 
Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head short, with blunt snout; 
eye large; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single 
series of rather narrow obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots pos¬ 
teriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth; fine teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; 
branchiostegals, 7 : gillrakers long; preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but little 
of the maxillary; squamation very complete, the space between and about the eyes being the. only 
naked part; scales smallish, thick, ctenoid, 60 to 70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar 
scales entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical fins, and extending up on the paired fins; dorsal 
fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depressible in a groove of scales, the fin continuous but the 
last spines low, so that a depression occurs between the 2 parts of the fin, the bases of the spinous 
and soft parts about equal; soft dorsal rather low in front, not falcate, pointed behind; pectoral fins 
small, ventrals well behind them; intestinal canal long; pyloric cceca very numerous; vertebra? 9 or 
10 -15 or 16=25. This genus contains some 10 species, chiefly confined to the Pacific Ocean, and most 
of them valued as food; 2 species found in the West Indies. Two species known from the Hawaiian 
Islands. 
Kyphosus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poi.ss.. III. 114, 1802 (higibbus - -fuscus). 
Pimelepterus Lacdptde, op. eit., IV, 429, 1802 ( bosqui=scctatrix ). 
Vursuarius I.aeepede, op. eit., V, 4.82, 1803 ( nigrescens=fuscus ). 
X fitter Lacepede, op. eit., Y. 484. 1803 {fuscus). 
Halcima Bowdidh, Excursion Madeira, 238, fig. 37, 1825 ( aurata ). 
? Opislhistius Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862. 245 {tuhmcl). 
a. Caudal peduncle short, 2.5 in head; body deep, the depth 2.15 in length; scales 10-72-17 . sandwiccnsis, p. 247 
aa. Caudal peduncle longer, 1.8 in head; body more slender, the depth 2.4 in length; scales 12-82-21 . .fuscus, p. 248 
