FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
295 
2 canines in each jaw, the upper pair wide apart, allowing the lower ones to fit between them; canines 
but little longer than the other teeth, which grow gradually smaller posteriorly; no posterior canines; 
preopercle not serrated; head naked; scales of breast smaller than those of body; lateral line abruptly 
bent downward below ninth dorsal ray; dorsal low, the longest (eighth) spine equal in length to 
snout, the rays about a tenth longer; longest anal ray 3.1 in head; spines slender, the third with a 
short cutaneous filament; caudal slightly rounded, 1.51 in head; pectoral 2.1 in head; ventral pointed, 
2 in head. 
Color in spirits (perhaps somewhat similar in life), head pale orange, upper part of opercle with a 
purple tint, the lower part silvery; nape purple; a narrow dorsal area, reddish orange fading ventrally 
to light orange; a rather indefinitely outlined, broad, pinkish stripe from opercle to base of caudal; 
lower part of body light orange; a reddish orange spot somewhat smaller than the pupil at lower edge 
of base of pectoral; each scale row with a narrow line of a darker shade than the color area on which 
it occurs; tins orange, the spinous dorsal suffused with red; scaled portion of caudal reddish orange. 
One specimen, the type, measuring 3.5-inches long, was collected at Honolulu by Mr. Berndt. No. 
50877, U. S. Nat. Mus. No other specimens known. 
Psetidrtjulis ccrasina Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Jan. 19,1901), 528, Honolulu. 
Genus 156. THALASSOMA Swainson. 
Body oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, covered with large scales; lateral line continuous; 
head scaleless; a slight sheath of scales along base of dorsal; no posterior canine; dorsal spines slender, 
the number always 8; anal spines 3, the first very small; lower pharyngeals essentially as in Ha/ichceres. 
Beautiful fishes of the coral reefs and warm currents, the coloration largely deep green or blue. 
Thalassoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Fishes, II, 221, 1839 (purpurea). 
Chlorichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist, Classif. Fishes, II, 232.1839 t bifasciatus ). 
Jnlis Gunther, Cat,, IV, 179, 1862 ( pavo ); not of Cuvier, R6gne Anim., 1st ed., 261,1317 ( julis ). 
a. Caudal doubly lunate, its middle rays somewhat produced; eye small, 9 in head; color chiefly grass-green and blue, 
a scarlet dash on cheek. purpweum, p. 295 
oa. Caudal lunate; eye larger, 1.25 to 6.9 in head. 
b. Canines present in front of lower jaw. 
c. Two pairs of canines in front in lower jaw. ballieui, p. 297 
cc. One pair of canines in front in lower jaw. 
d. Length of dorsal spines less than length of snout (1.5 to 2 in snout); body without vertical bars. 
e. Body short, moderately deep; interorbital space high; origin of dorsal over middle of base of pectoral; lateral 
line nearly straight for 19 scales, or under .fourth dorsal spine from last, where it curves down 2 rows, contin¬ 
uing to base of caudal on median line of peduncle; red.1. .fit?cum, p. 299 
ee. Body moderately long; interorbital rather long; origin of dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral; lateral 
line parallel with dorsal outline to below fifth dorsal ray from last, where it curves down 3 scales, then 
continues to base of caudal. umbrostigma, p. 300 
dd. Dorsal spines equal to snout or longer; body with numerous vertical bars of green or orange. 
f. Head entirely naked; longest dorsal spine about equaling snout in length. duperrey, p. 302 
ff. A patch of 8 rather large scales on upper end of opercle; longest dorsal spine somewhat longer than 
snout. lutmris, p. 303 
bb. No canines present in either jaw. aneilense, p. 304 
233. Thalassoma purpureum (Forskai). 
“Olani;” “ Olale“Palaea” (very small); “Aweta” (small); “Hou” (large). 
Head 3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 9 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 3.2; gape 3; interorbital 3.7; 
D. vm, 12; A. in, 9; scales 3-29-10. 
Body short and stout, heavy forward and not greatly compressed in the adult; head heavy, longer 
than deep; snout short, bluntly conic; mouth small, slightly oblique, the gape not nearly reaching 
anterior edge of orbit; jaws each with a pair of very strong blunt canines in front and a series of 
shorter, dose-set conic teeth laterally; eye small, slightly anterior, high above axis of body; anterior 
profile, in a gentle uniform curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; ventral outline similarly curved 
from tip of lower jaw to edge of gill-opening; fins low; dorsal beginning over base of pectoral, its dis¬ 
tance from tip of snout equaling length of head, or 1.6 in base of dorsal; dorsal spines short and weak, 
their length 5.5 in head; soft portion of dorsal slightly elevated, the rays 4.5 in head; anal similar to 
