FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
509 
sides, resembling the snout of Macrourus. Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a slender tail; 
scales very small; head entirely scaly, even to the gill-membranes; snout depressed, thin and flat, 
projecting beyond the mouth; mouth rather large; chin with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform 
teeth; a small roundish patch of teeth on vomer, none on palatines; dorsal tins 2, the first short, its 
anterior ray produced into a long filament; anal tin deeply notched, almost separated into 2 fins; 
ventral tins with 6 rays, 1 of them filamentous; caudal truncate; branehiostegals 7. Deep-water fishes. 
The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II. 
Anfimova Gunther, Ann. Mag. N'at. Hist. 1870. a (rottrata). 
Genus 256. L7EM0NEMA Gunther. 
Body of moderate length, covered with small scales; tins naked; a separate caudal; 2 dorsal fins 
and 1 anal, the anterior dorsal composed of 5 rays; ventrals reduced to a single long ray, bifid at its 
end; bands of villiform teeth in jaws; a small group of vomerine teeth, none on the palatine bones; 
chin with a barbel; branehiostegals 7. Deep sea. 
The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II. 
Ijtmonema Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. M us., IV, 356, 1862 (yarreilii). 
Family t ill. MACROl RID.-E. The Grenadiers. 
Body elongate, tapering into a very long compressed tail, which ends in a point; scales moderate, 
usually keeled or spinous, sometimes smooth; suborbital bones enlarged, sometimes cavernous; teeth 
villiform or eardiform, in bands, on the jaws only; tip of lower jaw With a barbel; premaxillary 
protractile; dorsal fins 2, the first short and high, of stiff, spine-like branched rays; the second dorsal 
very long, usually of very low feeble rays, continued to the end of the tail; anal tin similar to the 
second dorsal, but usually much higher; no caudal fin; ventrals small, subjugular, each of about 8 
rays; branehiostegals 6 or 7; lateral line present; gills :U or 4, a slit behind the fourth; gillrakers 
small; gill-membranes free or narrowly united to the isthmus, usually more or less connected; 
pseudobranchise wanting or rudimentary; pyloric coeca numerous; air-bladder present. Genera 18; 
species about 50, chiefly of the northern seas, all in deep water; differing from the cod-fishes chiefly 
in the elongate and degenerate condition of the posterior part of the body. Doctor Gill succinctly 
defines the group as “ Gadoidea with an elongated tail tapering backward and destitute of a caudal 
fin, postpectoral anus, enlarged suborbital bones, inferior mouth, subbrachial ventrals, a distinct 
anterior dorsal, and a long second dorsal and anal converging on end of tail.” 
A family of deep-water fishes, descriptions of the several Hawaiian species of which will be found 
in Section II. 
Suborder HETEROSOMATA.—The Flat-fishes. 
“Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow 2 orbits on the same side, 
or 1 vertical and 1 lateral; basis cranii not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays; superior 
pharvngeals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior separate.” (Cope.) This 
suborder includes the two families Plewonectidie and Soleidn. Its nearest relationship is probably 
with the Gadidse, although the developed pseudobranchise and the thoracic ventral fins indicate an 
early differentation from the anacanthine fishes. In the very young fishes the 2 sides of the body 
are alike and the eyes are 1 on each side, with normal cranium. 
Family LI\. I’LEURONECTID.Ji. The Flounders. 
Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsymmetrical, the cranium twisted, 
both eyes being on the one side of the body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost 
and colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In the very young fish the bones of the 
head are symmetrical, 1 eye on each side, and the body is vertical in the water. In most species the 
cranium becomes twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it. Eyes large, well separated. Mouth 
small or large, the dentition various, the teeth always present; premaxillaries protractile; no supple¬ 
mental maxillary bone; pseudobranchise present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lowr pharyngeals 
