ANI 
tends only to bewilder and perplex. As fome na- 
tnralifts, however, have certainly attained to a con- 
fiderable degree of excellence in claffing animated 
nature, it may not be improper juft to mention their 
refpeftive plans, with the chief particulars in which 
they differ from each other. Leaving, then, the 
inferior orders of fyftematic naturalifts, whofe me- 
thods, in general, have only been the amufement 
of a day, we ihall briefly defcribe the feveral modes 
of arrangement adopted by Ray, Klein, Linnaeus, 
and Pennant. 
Ray, after Ariftotle, divides all Animals into two 
kinds'; thofe which have blood, and thofe which 
have none : placing all the infeft tribes in the laft 
clafs. The firft grand order he divides into fuch 
as breathe through the lungs, and fuch as breathe 
through the gills ; which laft comprehend the fifties. 
In thofe which breathe through the lungs, fome 
have the heart compofed of two ventricles, and 
others only of one. In this laft defcription are in- 
cluded all Animals of the cetaceous kind, all ovi- 
parous quadrupeds, and ferpents : thofe Animals 
which have two ventricles, are fome oviparous, 
as the birds; and fome viviparous, as the quadru- 
peds. The quadrupeds he then divides into fuch 
as have hoofs, and fuch as are claw-footed : the 
fonner he again diftinguifties into thofe which 
have the hoof undivided, thofe which have it clo- 
ven, and thofe which have it divided into more than 
two parts. Animals with the cloven hoof he divides 
into thofe which chew the cud, as the cow and the 
ftieep ; and thofe which are not ruminant, as the 
hog. Animals which chew the cud he fubdivides in- 
to four clafles: the firft having hollow horns, which 
they never ftied, as the cow; thefecond including 
the ftieep kind ; the third the goat kind ; and the 
laft, comprehending fuch as are furnifhed with folid 
horns, and ftied them annually, are of the deer 
kind. Defcending to claw-footed Animals, he ob- 
ferves that fome have large claws refembling the 
fingers of the hum_an hand, which he refers to the 
ape kind; and others have the foot divided in 
two, with or without a claw to each divifion, the 
former being of the camel kind. The elephant 
makes a genus of itfelf, it's clav/s being entirely 
covered with fkin. The remainder of the nume- 
rous tribe of claw-footed Animals he divides into 
two kinds; the analogous, or fuch as bear fome 
fefemblance to each other; and the anomalous, 
which have eflential differences. The analogous 
claw-footed Animals are of two kinds : they are 
furnifhed with more than two cutting teeth in 
each jaw, and are carnivorous; or they have only 
two cutting teeth in each jaw, and fubfift princi- 
pally on vegetables. The carnivorous kinds are 
divided into the great and the little. The o-reat 
carnivorous Animals arefubdivided into thofe v/hich 
have fliort fnouts, as the cat and the lion ; and thofe 
which have long and pointed ones, as the dog and the 
wolf. The little claw-footed carnivorous Animals 
differ from the great, in having proportionably 
fmaller heads, with flenderer bodies, which qualify 
them for creeping into holes, in purfuit of their 
prey, like worms; and thefe are therefore called the 
vemnin kind. 
Klein makes the power of changing fituations 
tlje general charadleriftic of Animals, and takes his 
feveral diftinftions from their aptitude for fuch a 
change. Some have a locomotive power by means 
of feet, or fimilar appendages ; others are furnifli- 
ed both with wings and feet ; fome can only change 
their fituations in the water by means of fins ; others 
'ANI 
move 6h the earth without feet ; and fome change 
their fituations by moving their ftiells at pleafure, 
while others move only periodically. Such as are 
without locomotive powers are, however, quite un- 
noticed. The quadrupeds which move chiefly by 
means of four feet on land, he divides into two or- 
ders ; the firft of which is the hoofed kind, and the 
fecond the claw-footed ; and each of thefe orders 
he fubdivides into four families. The firft family 
of the hoofed kind confifts of the fingle hoofed, as 
the horfe and the afs ; the fecond includes thofe 
which have the hoof cloven into two parts, as the 
cow and the ftieep ; the third, being charaflerized 
by a triple divifion of the hoof, confifts only of the 
rhinoceros ; and the fourth, in which the hoof is 
divided into five parts, is in like manner confined 
to the elephant. The clawed kind are alfo divid- 
ed into families: the firft comprehending thofe 
which have but two claws on each foot, as the ca- 
mel; the fecond including thofe which have three 
claws; the third, thofe with four; and the fourth, 
fuch as have five. 
Briffon divides animated nature into nine clafTes: 
quadrupeds ; cetaceous Animals, or thofe of the 
whale kind; birds, reptiles, or Animals of the fer- 
pent kind; cartilaginous fifties; fpinous fifhes; tef- 
taceous Animals; infefts; and worms. He then 
fubdivides the quadrupeds into eighteen orders^ 
and takes his diftindlions from the number and 
conformation of their teeth. 
Thefe fyftems, however, are all in a great mea- 
fure fuperfeded by that of the celebrated Linnseus; 
who, with a ftudied brevity, and unrivalled preci- 
fion, comprehends the greateft variety in the fmall- 
eft compkfs. According to this great naturalift, 
the firft diftinftion of Animals is to be taken from 
their internal ftru6lures. Some have the heart with 
two ventricles and hot red blood; viz. quadrupeds 
and birds ; the quadrupeds being viviparous, and 
the birds oviparous: others have the heart with 
only one ventricle, and cold red blood; viz. am- 
phibia and fifties ; the amphibia being furnifhed 
with lungs, and the fifhes with gills. Some have 
the heart with one ventricle, and cold white ferumj 
viz. infedls and worms; the infefts being furnifh- 
ed with feelers, and the worms with holders. The 
diftinftions of quadrupeds, or Animals with paps, 
as he terms them, are taken from their teeth. Thefe 
he divides into feven orders ; to v/hich he gives fyf- 
tematic names of his own invention. His primates, 
or principals, have four cutting teeth in each jawj 
the brut£e, or brutes, have no cutting teeth; the 
ferjE, or wild beafts, have generally fix cutting 
teeth in each jaw; the glires, or dormice, have two 
cutting teeth both above and below ; the pecora, 
or cattle, have many cutting teeth above, and none 
below; the belluse, or beafts, have the fore-teeth 
blunt; and the cetae, or thofe of the whale kind, 
have cartilaginous teetli. This celebrated fyftem 
is but juft flcetched out; as the names of the dif- 
ferent Animals, and their refpedive clafTes, with the 
moft concife defcriptions of each, fill two o6lavo 
volumes. 
The ingenious Pennant, who has, perhaps, given 
to the world the moft accurate fyftem of qua- 
drupeds that ever appeared, divides them into hoof- 
ed, digitated, pinnated, and winged quadrupeds. 
The hoofed quadrupeds he fubdivides into fuch as 
are whole hoofed, and fuch as arc cloven-hoofed ; 
the digitated, into frugiferous, carnivorous, and in- 
feftivorous, regarding at the fame time the num- 
ber of the denies canini ; the pinnated, into pifci- 
H vorous 
