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ralifts to' a fifli of the truttaceous kind ; Called By ; 
Aldrovandus, tinea marina; and by Rondoletius 
and Gefner, phycis. It ufually grows to the length 
of a foot ; is of a flattifh fhape, and covered with 
fmall fcales of a greyifii colour, but purplilh on 
the head j and the tail is roundiih, but not forked. 
The flefh is well tafted, and falubrious. This fifh 
is common in the Mediterranean Sea; and is ex- 
pofed to fale at Rome, Venice, and other places 
on the coafts of that fea. 
CALLICHTHIS. The name of a broad and 
fiat fea-fifh expofed to fale in the markets at Rome, 
under the title of the campugna ; and commonly 
called the ftromateus. 
In the Linnasan fyftem, it is a fpecies of the li- 
lurus, 
CALLICHTHUS. A fmall fifh caught in 
the Adriatic, by fome naturalifts called the anthias ; 
and it is fuppofed that there are no voracious fifhes 
near the place where it is found. It is alfo called 
facer pifcis, and is extremely beautiful, 
CALLIDRYS. A name given by Bellonius, 
and fome other authors, to an aquatic bird known 
in England by the appellation of the red-fhank. 
Callydrys, Nigra. A bird defcribed by 
Bellonius, fuppofed to be the fame as the above ; 
and called the knot in England. 
CALLIONYMUS. A name applied by Ap- 
pian, and fome other authors, to the fifh m.ore ufu- 
ally called the uranofcopus, or ftar-gazer. 
In the Linn^an fyftem, it is a genus of the or- 
der of jugular fifhes, comprehending three fpecies. 
CALLITRICHUS, or CALUTRIX. A 
fpecies of monkey, with a black flattifh face, white 
hairs on the fides, and black ears. The upper 
parts of the body are covered with foft hair of a 
yellowifli green colour, whence it has received the 
name of the green monkey ; and the lower parts 
are covered with hair of a filvery colour. This 
animal is about the fize of a fmall cat. 
CALLORYNCHUS. A fifh entirely defti- 
tute of fcales, but furnifhed with grifbly fins. It is 
of a filver colour on the back, and of a fhining 
gold one on the fides. The lower lip is long and 
broad; and, when the mouth is fhut, it covers the 
upper. The teeth are only fmooth tubercles placed 
in each jaw; and the noftrils are placed on the 
lower part of the head, each having only a fingle 
aperture. The eyes are fituated near the fides of 
the head, and are covered with a fingle coat; the 
irides are of a filver colour ; and the eyelids are 
oval. The belly is large and flat; and the vent is 
fituated between the belly fins, nearer the tail than 
tlie head. There are feven fins, two dorfal, two 
peftoral, and two ventral ; the tail conftituting the 
leventh. The length of this fifh, from the tip of 
the fnout to the extremity of the tail, is upwards of 
nine inches. 
CAMEL. This forms a diftinffc genus of ani- 
mals in the Linnjean fyftem of zoology; the great 
charafteriftics of v/hich are, that they want horns, 
•which all the other genera of pecora have; that they 
have fix cutting teeth in each of their lower jaws, 
and none in their upper; and that their upper lips 
are divided like thofe of hares ; and their hoofs 
are fmall, and undeciduous. 
There are feveral fpecies of Camels : one of which 
is the dromedary; the only fenfible difference be- 
tween which and the Camel is, that this animal has 
two bunches on it's back, v/hereas the dromedary 
has but one ; the latter alfo is neither fo large nor 
fo ftrong as the former. The two races, however, 
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generate with each other; and the inixed lareed 
formed betw«en them is confidered as the beft, th^ 
moft patient, and the moft indefatigable, of all the 
feveral kinds. 
The dromedary, indeed, is by far the moft nu- 
merous of the two varieties: the Camel is very 
fcarce, except in Turky, and the countries of the 
Levant ; v/hile the dromedary is difTeminated all 
over the defarts of Arabia, the fouthern parts of 
Africa, Perfia, Tartary, and the Eaft- Indies. Thus 
the one inhabits an immenfe tra6l of country; the 
other, in comparifon, is confined to a province: the, 
one is a native of the fukry regions of tlite torrid 
zone; the other delights in a warm, though not a 
burning climate. But neither of them can either 
liibfift or propagate in the variable climates of the 
north; and they feem only to delight in thoie coun- 
tries v/liere no other animals are qualified to fu- 
perfede their utility. 
The Cam.el is the moft temperate of all creatures, 
being capable of continuing it's march for feveral 
days without tafting water. In thofe extenfive de- 
farts where the earth is every where dry and fandy, 
where there are neither birds nor beafts, in- 
fers nor vegetables, and wh.ere notliing is to be feen 
but hills of fand; the Camel travels, pofting for- 
ward without requiring either drink or pafture; and 
often endures a total want of liiftenance for fix or 
feven days fucceffively. It's feet, which are well 
adapted for travelling on fands, are utterly unfit for 
moift or marfhy places : and accordingly the inhabi- 
tants of thofe iultry regions where it is bred find a 
valuable fiave in this animal, where no other could 
fubflft; and, by it's affiftance, crofs thofe defarts 
lecurity, v/hicli would be impaiTable by any other 
known method. 
An animal tlius formed for a fandy and defart 
region c?nnot be propagated in one of a different 
nature. Many efforts have been made to generate 
Camels in Spain and America, but they have not 
multiplied in either of thefe countries: they are, 
indeed, fometimes introduced into them, and found 
prolific ; but the care of keeping them is fo great, 
and the accidents to v/hich they are expofed from 
the variablenefs ofthe climate fo numerous, that they 
never repay their necefiary trouble and expence: 
in a few years, they are obierved to deg-enerate; 
their ftrength and patience forfake them ; and, in- 
ftead of conftituting the riches, they become the 
burden of their owners. 
The cafe, however, is very different in Arabia, 
and thoie other countries where the Camel is employ- 
ed for the moft beneficial purpofes. It is there re- 
garded in a facred light, and as an animal without: 
whofe help the natives could neither fubfift, traffic, 
nor travel : it's milk conftitutes a part of their nou- 
rifhment; they feed on it's flefh; they cloath them- 
felves with it's hair; and, in cafe of invafion, it 
ferves to accelerate their flight, being fome- 
times known to travel upv/ards of a hundred 
miles in a fingle day. By means of the Camel, an 
Arabian finds fafety in his inhofpitable defarts ; and 
all the armies on earth might be loft in purfuit of 
a flying fquadron of this country, mounted on Ca- 
mels, and taking refuge in folitudes where nothing 
interpofes to impede their flight, or to force them 
to face their invaders. Thus, where nature pre- 
fents only objefls of danger and fterility, the 
Arabian finds proteftion, food, and liberty : in the 
midft of his folitudes, he lives independent and 
tranquil ; and, inftead of confidering the waftes 
fpread around him as a reftraint on his happinefs, 
he 
