DOG 
D O L 
and having their vi6luals placed at a proper dif- 
tance out of their reach ; fo that by a conftant pull- 
ing and exertion to come at their food, they ac- 
quire both that ftrength of limbs and habit of 
drawing which qualify them for their future defti- 
nation. 
' When the Kamtfchadales intend to perform a 
journey in winter over the frozen fnow which co- 
vers their country, they yoke five Dogs, two and 
two, with a leader, to a (ledge about four feet and 
a half long, anji one foot wide, made in the form 
of a crefcent, of light tough wood ftrongly bound 
together with wicker-work. This fledge is fup- 
ported by four legs, about two feet high, which 
reft on two flat pieces of wood five or fix inches 
broad, and extending a foot at each end beyond 
the frame of the fledge. Thefe are turned up be- 
fore in the manner of a flcate, and (hod with the 
bones of fome marine animals. The fore-part of 
the carriage is ornamented with thongs of leather 
and tafl'els of coloured cloth; and from the crofs 
bar, to which the harnefs is joined, are hung links 
of iron, or finall bells, the jingling of which is fup- 
pofed to animate the Dogs. The pafl^enger fits 
afide, refting his feet on the lower part of the 
fledge, and carrying his provifions and other ne- 
ceflTaries wrapped up in a bundle behind him. The 
reins not being faftened to the heads of the Dogs, 
but to their collars, have little power over iihem ; 
and are therefore generally hung on the fledge, 
while the driver depends entirely on their obe- 
dience to his voice for the direftion of them. With 
this view the leaders are always trained up with a 
particular degree of care and attention j and fome 
of them rife to an extraordinary value on account 
of their fteadinefs and docility. The driver is alfo 
provided with a crooked ftick, which anfwers the 
double purpofes of whip and reins; as, by ftriking 
it into the fnow, he is enabled to moderate the 
fpeed of the Dogs, or even to flop them entirely ; 
and when they are lazy, or otherwife inattentive to 
his voice, he chaftens them by throwing it at them. 
On thefe occafions, their dexterity in picking it up 
again is very remarkable, and forms the princi- 
pal difficulty of their art. Yet it is not furprizing 
that they Ihould labour to become expert in a 
praftice on which their fafety fo materially de- 
pends: for it is faid, that if the driver fliould hap- 
pen to lofe his ftick, the Dogs inftantly perceive 
it; and unlefs their leader be of the moft fober and 
refolute kind, they will immediately run a- head 
full fpeed, and never ftop till they are quite fpent; 
but as that does not happen very foon, the car- 
riage is either overturned and daflied to pieces 
againft the trees, or hurried down fome precipice, 
and buried in the fnow.' 
The above refpeftable gentleman, to whom we 
are indebted for the foregoing relation, obferves, 
that the accounts given him of the fleetnefs of thefe 
Dogs, and of their extraordinary patience under 
the calamities of hunger and fatigue, were fcarcely 
credible, if they had not been fupported by the 
beft authority. * But,' proceeds he, ' we were in- 
deed ourfelves witnefles of the great expedition 
with which the meflenger, who had been diipatclied 
to Bolcheretsk with the news of our arrival, re- 
turned to the harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
though the fnow was at this time exceedingly foft: 
and I was informed by the commander of Kamt- 
fchatka, that this journey was generally performed 
in two days and a half ; and that he had once re- 
ceived an exprefs from the latter place in twenty- 
three hours, though the diftance is not lels than 
one hundred and thirty-five Englifli miles ' 
DOG-FISH, PICKED, or HOUND-FISH. 
This fifli, v/hich is a variety of the fliark kind, re- 
ceives it's name from a fliarp fpine placed exaftly 
before each of the back-fi.ns, and diftinguifliing ic 
at once from tlie reft of the Britifli fharks. The 
body, which is roundifli and oblong, is covered 
with a rough flcin, generally known by the name of 
fifli-fkin, and ufed by joiners and other artificers 
in polifliing various fubftances, particularly wood. 
The back is of a brownifli afli-colour ; and the belly- 
is white and very fmooth. The nofe, which is long, 
extends a confiderable way beyond the mouth, bur 
is blunt at the end ; the eyes are fliaped fomewhat 
like a boat, and covered v.'ith double macmbranes; 
the mouth, which is placed juft under the eyes, is 
armed with a double row of fmall teeth; and the 
two back-fins have ftrong fharp fpines or prickles 
ftanding before them, of which the one neareft the 
head is thicker and longer, and that neareft the tail 
fhorter and fm.aller. Thefe fifti, when at their full 
growth, weigh about tv/enty pounds each; and 
bring forth their young alive, which are produced 
from eggs hatched within their bodies. They are 
caught in the Britifli ocean and the Irifli feas: but 
on the coafts of Scotland in particular, where they 
fwarm, rhey are dried, and conftitute a confiderable 
part of the food of the common people. 
Doc-FiSH, Smooth. This fpecies has no 
teeth ; but the bones of each jaw, which are as 
rough as a file, fupply their place. The fi<in is 
perfeftly fmooth, though in all others of this kmd 
it is rough ; and by that variation alone this crea-- 
ture is eafily diftinguifliable from the picked Doff-' 
Fifli. 
DOG-FLY. A fpecies of Fly very commoa 
among woods and bulhes, and extremely troubie- 
fome to dogs. Thefe Flies ufually fifun on the 
ears of thofe animals, from whence they are feldoiii 
diflodged except by being killed. They fting very, 
feverely, and always occafion a fwelling. They 
fomewhat refemble thofe flat black flics fo inimi-r^ 
cal to cattle. They are deftitute of trunks, but 
are furniflied with two teeth like thofe of the wafp; 
and their wings adhere fo clbfe to their bodies, as 
to be fcarcely perceptible. 
There are two varieties of the Dog-Fly; the 
largeft is generally found in woods, and the fmalleft 
frequents hedges. 
DOG'S TOOTH SHELL. See Dentalis. 
DOLIUM. A genus of flielLs, called by fome 
authors conchse globofs; and, by French natura- 
lifts, tonnes. The characters of the genus aie 
thefe : an univalve fhell having a globofe or round 
belly, with a lax aperture, fometimes fmooth, and 
at others dentated ; the clavicle is either moderately 
umbonated, or depreflTed ; and the columiella is ia; 
fome fpecies fmooth, and in others wrinkled,- 
Thefe fliells are alfo by fome termed conchae am- 
pullacese; and they have at various periods beea 
diftinguiftied by other names ; but all tend to ex- 
prefs the globular figure of the body, the lead- 
ing character by which they are diftinguilhed from 
all other fliells. 
The Perfian Dolium, fo frequently employed in 
ornamenting the cabinets of the curious, is a veiy 
Angular fpecies ; but the globofe figure of it's body- 
evidently refers it to this genus, though it dixTers 
in many particulars from every other clafs. There 
are fix fpecies of the round umibilicated Dolia; five, 
of the oblong and fmooth ; fevcn of the oblong, 
coftated. 
