GAL 
GADWAU OR GRAY ; the Anas Sterpera of 
Linirrus. See Duck, Gadwal. 
GAGNOLA. The Spanifh appellation for a 
fpecies of the Acus,orSyngnathus, of Artedi. The 
particular fpecies defcribed under this name is 
called by that naturalifl: the hexagonal-bodied 
fyngnathus with a pinnated tail. It feems to be 
the acus Ariflotelis, or acus fecunda; and is known 
in England by the feveral names of the needle- 
fifli, the trumpet-fifh, and the tobacco-fifh. 
GAIDEROPSARUS. A name given by 
fome naturalifts to a fifh of the truttaceous kind 
caught in the Mediterranean, and more ufually 
called ca'iarias. 
GALADES. An epithet given by Rondole- 
tius to a fpecies of chama remarkable for it's 
milky whitenefs, and derived from Gale, Milk. 
This fpecies is extremely elegant. 
GALBULA. A bird of the thrufh kind com- 
mon in Italy and Germany. It is very remark- 
able for the elegant ftrufture and hanging pofition 
of it's neft; and is thence called by fome picus 
nidum fuipendens; and, by others, oriolus, chlo- 
reus, and ifterus; being fuppofed to be the i6te- 
rus, or jaundice-bird, of Pliny and the ancient na- 
turalifts. 
This bird is fomewhat larger than the common 
tliruih. The beak, v/hic'i is about half an inch 
long, is red; the win^ -feathers are black; but 
fome are tipped and edge.! with whice, and others 
are varied with yellow. The female is lefs beau- 
tiful than the male, her colours being more dufl<y. 
Tag Galbula is a bird of paffage, feeds on infedts, 
and is efteemed a great delicacy. 
GALF A. A genus of echinodermata, or fea 
hedge-hog, fliaped like a large elevated helmet, 
convpofed of feveral tranfverfely joined plates or 
afililje, and covered v/ith very fmall and rough tu- 
bercles, which appear like iinall granule. When 
found foffile, this genus is called the helmet-ftone; 
and is marked with ten rows of double lines, ei- 
ther crenattd or punduated, running from the 
top to the bafe. 
Three fpecies of this genus have been defcribed 
by naturalifts; one with a fcutated head having an 
oblong pentagonal plate like a fhield on it's fum- 
mit; a fecond with a naked head, and deftitute of 
a fcutum; and a third having the tenise laurated. 
GALEA PISCIS. An appellation given by 
Gefner and others to the fifh more generally called 
muftela alia; and, by Artedi, made a fpecies of the 
bienni with four bifid beards under the throat. 
Galea Venetorum is alfo fomecimes ufed to 
fignify the common muftela. 
G ALEETO. A fifla of the genus of bienni in 
the Artedian fyftem, diftinguiflied by the name of 
the blennus with the upper jaw longer than the 
under, and the top of the head accuminated. Ron- 
doletius calls it the alauda non criftata; and, in 
England, it is knov/n by tiie name of the mul- 
granoc, and bullcard. It's colour is greenifh, 
without any variegation in fome; but, in others, 
a number of faint blue tranfverfe lines are dif- 
pofed on the back, the fides, and the fins ; the in- 
term.ediate fpaces between thefe lines being of a 
reddifli brown hue on the back. It is a very viva- 
cious animal; and, like the eel, lives many hours 
gfcer being taken out of it's native element. It is 
caught among rocks and ftones about the fhores of 
the Mediterranean, and alfo on fome parts of the 
Britifh coafts. 
GALEUS CANIS; the Squalus Galeus of 
Linnasus. See Canis Galeus» 
■ GAL 
GALEUS LiEVIS ; the Squalus Muftelus of 
Linnaeus. The fmooth hound- fifli, fo called in 
order to difti^iguifh it from the Galeus fpinax, 
which is furnifhed with fpines on it's back. The 
back and fides of the fmooth hound-fifn are afh- 
coloured ; the belly is white ; the body is long and 
round; the end of the nofe is obtufe, and projefts 
confiderably beyond the mouth and eyes ; and the 
tail is bifid. It has two dorfal fins, and two pair 
of ventral fins; and the afperities of the jaws fup- 
ply the place of teeth. 
GALEUS RHODIUS. A name given by 
Athenreus, and Ibme others of the ancients, to a 
very large and delicate fifli, which Schoneveldt 
conjeftui-es to be the fturgeon; and, in confirma- 
tion of this opinion, adduces feveral powerful ar- 
guments. 
^ GALEUS ACANTHIAS, or SQUALUS 
SPINAX. A fifh of the fhark kind, called in 
England the picked dog-fifli, and the hound- 
fifli. The body is long, round, and deftitute of 
fcales, but covered v/ith a {\<.\n i'o extremely rough, 
that feveral artifts ufe it in polifliing their works. 
The back is of a brownifli afh-colour; the belly is 
white, and fomewhat fmoother than the reft of the 
body ; the nofe is long, and rounded at the extre- 
mity; the pupil of the eye is black, of an elliptic 
figure, and placed tranfverfely; and the mouth, 
which is fituated near the middle of the fnout, has 
two rows of minute teeth. This fifh is common 
in the Mediterranean and Engliih leas, 
GALEUS STELLATUS, the Starred 
Hound-fifli. A fpecies of dog- fifh remarkably 
variegated with white fpots fiiaped liked ftars. 
GALEXIA. An appellation given by Galen, 
and fome of the more ancient writers, to the com- 
mon lamprey. 
GALL-INSECT. A clafs of animals of va- 
rious fhapes, fizes, and colours, found on the ftalks 
and branches of trees, fhrubs, and perennial plants. 
The infeft which forms and refides in the Gall- 
nut is furnifhed with a certain implement, by 
means of which it penetrates into the bark of the 
tree, or into that fpot which is juft begun to bud, 
and there fiieds a drop of corrofive fluid into the 
cavity. Elaving thus formed a receptacle for it's 
eggs, it there depofits them, and dies foon after. 
The heart of the bud being thus wounded, the cir- 
culation of the nutritive juice is interrupted; and 
the fermentation thereof, with the poifon injefled 
by the fly, burns the adiacent parts, and alters the 
natural colour of the plant. The juice or fap, 
turned back from it's natural courfe, extravafatess 
and flows round the esrg; after which it fwells and 
dilates by the affiftance of fome bubbles of air, 
which gaining adminion through the pores of the 
bark, run in the veffels with the fap. The exter- 
nal coat of this excrefcence is dried by the air, and 
affumes a roundifh figure. This little ball re- 
ceives it's nutriment, growth, and vegetation, as 
the other parts of the tree, by flow degrees, and 
forms what v/e call the Gall-nut. The worm 
which is hatched within this fubflance undergoes 
various transformations, till at laft it acquires 
wings, and emancipates itfelf from it's confine- 
ment. 
The Gall-Infe6ls, whofe fpoils are converted to 
many ufeful purpofes, are bred on a kind of Afiatic 
oak. But, befides thefe, animals of a fimilar kind 
are met with on a variety of other trees, fhrubs, 
and plants. Many, hov/ever, liave referred them 
to the vegetable kingdom, and denied their rela- 
tion to the animal; and, among the reft, the accu- 
rate 
